1. Warm Up On the back of your paper, define: Devshirme Dhimmi
Janissaries
Sikhism
*leave room to answer questions (there will be 12 of them)

2. The Muslim World Expands, 1300–1700
Three great Muslim powers—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between 1300 and By 1700 all three were in decline

3. The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Section 1
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that combine many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years.

4. Turks Move into Byzantium
How were the Ottomans able to expand?
Turkish Warriors
Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire
Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who fight for Islam
Osman Establishes a State
From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia
Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans
Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons
Successors expand state through alliances and land buying
Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan— overlord
In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople
Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples
Timur the Lame Halts Expansion
Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in Central Asia
Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad

5. Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
What is so important about conquering Constantinople?
What about Mecca/Medina/Cairo?
Murad II
Murad II begins expansion
Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453
Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds
Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities
In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power
He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa
Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities

6. Suleyman the Lawgiver A Great Ruler The Empire Reaches Its Limits
Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from to 1566
The Empire Reaches Its Limits
Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522)
Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean
Turks take North African coastline, control inland trade routes
Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna
By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world
Highly Structured Social Organization
Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation
Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from conquered lands
Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal only to the sultan
Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion
Cultural Flowering
Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning
Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman
How did Suleyman improve the Ottoman state?

7. The Empire Declines Slowly
What lead to Ottoman decline?
What connections can you make between the Ottoman decline and the Abbasids?
The Empire Declines Slowly
Gradual Fall
Suleyman kills one son and exiles another
Third son inherits throne but rules weakly
Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons uneducated
Janissaries refuse to change with the times as light infantry becomes more important
Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual fall
Vizier (prime minister) holds more power than sultan and government becomes full of elaborate (i.e. Persian) ritual

8. Section 2: Cultural Blending CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire produce a rich and complex blended culture in Persia

9. Patterns of Cultural Blending
Cultural Blending in Persia
Between16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia
Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries
Causes of Cultural Blending
Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion
Results of Cultural Blending
Changes in language, religion, government, use of technology
Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage
Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture
Looking at the map, how might geography impact the Safavid empire?

10. The Safavids Build an Empire
Safavid Origins
Begins as religious order named for founder (Sail al-Din)
Safavids concentrate on building powerful military
Isma’il Conquers Persia
Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451
Takes title of shah—king
Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis (Battle at Chaldiran – 1514)
Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire (using Turkic chiefs, Persian court, slavic slave army)
How is Tahmasp building the Safavid empire? Is it similar or different to what the Ottomans have done?

11. A Safavid Golden Age Abbas the Great Reforms A New Capital Art Works
Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in 1587
Reforms
Helps create a thriving Safavid culture
Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade (Sherley Brothers’ cannons)
A New Capital
Esfahan—new capital—is one of world’s most beautiful cities
Art Works
Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles
Carpets
Carpet weaving becomes national industry
What is the importance of Shah Abbas? Why are his reforms significant?

12. The Dynasty Declines Quickly
The Safavid Empire Weakens
Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons
Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline
Court becomes more “Persian” and opulent
State and religion blend: more focus on imams (successors of Ali), and Mullahs (local religious leaders) are directed by the state to praise the shah
By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans
Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747
Think about Iran today. How is the Safavid decline an important factor in Iran’ s present?

13. Section 3: The Mughal Empire in India
The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire.

14. Early History of the Mughals
Mongol Invaders
Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India
Conflict
Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years
In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi Sultanate—forms
Delhi Sultanate
Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries
Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398
Babur Founds an Empire
Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at age 11
Is dethroned and driven south into India
Army conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal Empire
Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered
Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan
How is Babur like Ismail? Why do you think they have similar histories?

15. Akbar’s Golden Age Babur’s Grandson A Military Conqueror
What makes Akbar a liberal ruler? How does this benefit the empire?
Akbar’s Golden Age
Babur’s Grandson
Akbar—“Greatest One”— rules India from to 1605
A Military Conqueror
Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers
A Liberal Ruler
Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims
Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office
Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows
Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die
A Flowering of Culture
Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language
New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge
The Arts and Literature
Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish
Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule
Architecture
New architectural style named for Akbar develops

16. Akbar’s Successors Jahangir and Nur Jahan Shah Jahan The People Suffer
What are the signs of decline after Akbar’s reign?
Akbar’s Successors
Jahangir and Nur Jahan
Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to control government
Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister
Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other sons
Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent religious group
Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred
Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian princess
Assassinates all competitors for throne
His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in 1631
Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb Shah Jahan builds for his wife
Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world
The People Suffer
People suffer paying for wars and monuments
Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—imprisons father and takes over
Aurangzeb’s Reign
Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to its largest
Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus
Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant
Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion

17. The Empire’s Decline and Decay
The Mughal Empire Crumbles
Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war
Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states
Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal
European traders gain key ports
Tie the multiple histories together. Why is it significant that England arrives just as the Mughal Empire is falling apart? What is the importance of gaining access to port cities?