What is workplace diversity, and why is it important? Workforce diversity. Challenge of workforce diversity. Workforce diversity is increasing. Workforce diversity can help in building customer relationships. MGT 323

What is workplace diversity, and why is it important? Equal employment opportunity. Nondiscriminatory employment decisions. Affirmative action. MGT 323

What is workplace diversity, and why is it important? Equal employment opportunity — cont. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employer discrimination with respect to: Race. Color. Religion. Sex. National origin. MGT 323

What is workplace diversity, and why is it important? Managing diversity. MGT 323

Demographic characteristics. What are demographic differences among individuals, and why are they important? Demographic characteristics. Gender. Age. Race. Ethnicity. Able-bodiedness. MGT 323

What are demographic differences among individuals, and why are they important? Gender. No consistent differences between men and women in: Problem-solving abilities. Analytical skills. Competitive drive. Motivation. Learning ability. Sociability. MGT 323

What are demographic differences among individuals, and why are they important? Age. Older workers … Are often stereotyped as inflexible. Sometimes complain that their experience and skills are not valued. Have lower turnover. Have lower avoidable absences. MGT 323

What are demographic differences among individuals, and why are they important? Able-bodiedness. ADA Despite evidence of effective job performance, most disabled persons are unemployed. Most disabled persons want to work. More firms are likely to hire disabled workers in the future. MGT 323

Racial and ethnic groups. What are demographic differences among individuals, and why are they important? Racial and ethnic groups. African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans make up an ever-increasing percentage of the American workforce. Potential for stereotypes and discrimination can adversely affect career opportunities. MGT 323

What are aptitude and ability differences among individuals, and why are they important? A person’s capability of learning something. Ability. A person’s existing capacity to perform the various tasks needed for a given job. Includes relevant knowledge and skills. MGT 323

To be legal, employment tests must accurately predict job success. What are aptitude and ability differences among individuals, and why are they important? Aptitude and ability tests may be used as employment screens in the hiring process. To be legal, employment tests must accurately predict job success. MGT 323

What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? The overall profile or combination of characteristics that capture the unique nature of a person as that person reacts and interacts with others. Combines a set of physical and mental characteristics that reflect how a person looks, thinks, acts, and feels. MGT 323

Personality determinants and development. What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Personality determinants and development. Is personality genetically determined, or is it formed by experience? Heredity sets the limits on the development of personality characteristics. Environment determines development within these limits. Across all characteristics there is about a 50-50 heredity-environment split. MGT 323

Personality determinants and development — cont. What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Personality determinants and development — cont. Key environmental factors in personality development. Cultural values and norms. Situational factors. MGT 323

“Big Five” personality dimensions. What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? “Big Five” personality dimensions. Extraversion. Agreeableness. Conscientiousness. Emotional stability. Openness to experience. MGT 323

Emotional Intelligence Daniel Goleman Developing emotional intelligence Five dimensions: Self-awareness: Realistic self assessment-how does this fir with my values; analyze gut feeling Managing emotions: anger, anxiety, sadness – controlling one’s impulses; manage stress; effect on ability to pay attention Motivating other: what moves us to action is emotion; optimism Showing empathy: read emotions in others; prevents acting in self interest Staying connected: emotions are not only contagious, they spread from the top down MGT 323

What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Social traits. Surface-level traits that reflect the way a person appears to others when interacting in various social settings. An important social trait is problem-solving style. MGT 323

Problem-solving style components. What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Problem-solving style components. Information gathering. Getting and organizing data for use. Sensation-type individuals. Intuitive-type individuals. Evaluation. Using collected information. Feeling-type individuals. Thinking-type individuals. MGT 323

Problem-solving styles. Myers-Briggs What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Problem-solving styles. Myers-Briggs Sensation-feeling (SF). Intuitive-thinking (IF). Sensation-thinking (ST). Intuitive-thinking (IT). MGT 323

Personal conception traits. What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Personal conception traits. The way individuals tend to think about their social and physical settings as well as their major beliefs and personal orientation. Key Traits: Locus of control. Authoritarianism/dogmatism. Machiavellianism. Self-monitoring. MGT 323

What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Locus of control. The extent to which a person feels able to control his/her own life. Internal locus of control. People believe they control their own destiny. External locus of control. People believe that much of what happens to them is determined by environmental forces. MGT 323

Authoritarianism/dogmatism. What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Authoritarianism/dogmatism. Authoritarianism. Tendency to adhere rigidly to conventional values and to obey recognized authority. Dogmatism. Tendency to view the world as a threatening place. MGT 323

What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Machiavellianism. Rooted in Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince. Evokes images of guile, deceit, and opportunism. Tendency to view and manipulate others purely for personal gain. MGT 323

Machiavellianism — cont. What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Machiavellianism — cont. People with a high-Mach personality: Approach situations logically and thoughtfully. Are capable of lying to achieve personal goals. Are rarely swayed by loyalty, friendships, past promises, or others’ opinions. Are skilled at influencing others. Try to exploit loosely structured situations. Perform in a perfunctory or detached manner in highly structured situations. MGT 323

Machiavellianism — cont. What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Machiavellianism — cont. People with a low-Mach personality: Accept direction imposed by others in loosely structured situations. Work hard to do well in highly structured situations. Are strongly guided by ethical considerations. Are unlikely to lie or cheat. MGT 323

What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Self-monitoring. A person’s ability to adjust his/her behavior to external, situational factors. High self-monitors: Sensitive to external cues. Behave differently in different situations. Low self-monitors: Not sensitive to external cues. Are not able to disguise their behaviors. MGT 323

Emotional adjustment traits. What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Emotional adjustment traits. How much an individual experiences distress or displays unacceptable acts. Type A orientation. Characterized by impatience, desire for achievement, and perfectionism. Type B orientation. Characterized as more easygoing and less competitive in relation to daily events. MGT 323

Personality and self-concept. What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Personality and self-concept. Personality dynamics. The ways in which an individual integrates and organizes personality dimensions and traits. Self-concept. The view individuals have of themselves as physical, social, and spiritual beings. MGT 323

Two aspects of self-concept. What are personality determinants and differences among individuals, and why are they important? Two aspects of self-concept. Self-esteem. A belief about one’s worth based on an overall self-evaluation. Self-efficacy. An individual’s belief about the likelihood of successfully completing a specific task. MGT 323

What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Values. Values are broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes. Values influence behavior and attitudes. MGT 323

What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Sources of values. Culture/ Society Parents. Friends. Teachers. Role models. External reference groups. MGT 323

What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Types of values. Milton Rokeach’s value categories: terminal values and instrumental values. Terminal values. Preferences concerning the ends to be achieved. Instrumental values. Preferences for the means to be used in achieving desired ends. MGT 323

What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Types of values — cont. Gordon Allport’s values categories. Theoretical values. Economic values. Aesthetic values. Social values. Political values. Religious values. MGT 323

What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Types of values — cont. Maglino’s categories of workplace values. Achievement. Helping and concern for others. Honesty. Fairness. MGT 323

What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Value congruence. Occurs when individuals express positive feelings upon encountering others who exhibit values similar to their own. Incongruent values may result in conflicts over goals and the means to achieve them. MGT 323

Patterns and trends in values. What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Patterns and trends in values. Movement away from the following values: Duty. Honesty. Responsibility. Economic incentives. Organizational loyalty. Work-related identity. MGT 323

Patterns and trends in values — cont. What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Patterns and trends in values — cont. Movement toward the following values: Meaningful work. Pursuit of leisure. Personal identity. Self-fulfillment. MGT 323

What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Patterns and trends in values — cont. Important work-related values for the present and the future: Recognition for competence and accomplishments. Respect and dignity. Personal choice and freedom. Involvement at work. Pride in one’s work. Lifestyle quality. Financial security. Self-development. Health and wellness. MGT 323

What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Attitudes. Attitudes are influenced by values and are acquired from the same sources as values. An attitude is a predisposition to respond in a positive or negative way to someone or something in one’s environment. An attitude is a hypothetical construct. MGT 323

What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Components of attitudes. Cognitive component. The beliefs, opinions, knowledge, or information a person possesses. Affective component. A specific feeling regarding the personal impact of the antecedents. Behavioral component. An intention to behave in a certain way based on specific feelings. MGT 323

Attitudes and behavior. What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Attitudes and behavior. An attitude results in intended behavior, which may or may not result in actual behavior. The attitude-behavior relationship is stronger when: Attitudes and behaviors are more specific. There is freedom to carry out the behavioral intent. The person has experience with the attitude. MGT 323

Attitudes and cognitive consistency. What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Attitudes and cognitive consistency. Cognitive dissonance. Describes a state of inconsistency between an individual’s attitudes and his or her behavior. Cognitive dissonance can be reduced by: Changing the underlying attitude. Changing future behavior. Developing new ways of explaining or rationalizing the inconsistency MGT 323

Attitudes and cognitive consistency — cont. What are value and attitude differences among individuals, and why are they important? Attitudes and cognitive consistency — cont. Dissonance reduction choices are influenced by: The degree of control a person has over the situation. The magnitude of the rewards involved. MGT 323

What does managing diversity and individual differences involve, and why is it important? Dealing with diversity and individual differences is one of the most important issues challenging managers. Applies in the: United States. Canada. European Union countries. Several Asian countries. MGT 323