Jan Smolders ( 史默德） Independent Consultant Soil & Groundwater Remediation Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation 1

From the Netherlands Chemistry (Bsc) and Biology / Environment (MSc) Has 30 years experience Since end of 2005 living and working in China ( 江门 ) In China worked for ERM, Aecom, now free lancer Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation 2

Toxicological research (Chlorinated solvents) Amsterdam University Researcher and Manager Env Analytical Laboratory; GC/MS Soil & Groundwater investigation & remediation Environmental capacity building Waste management Climate change; Renewable energy, sustainability Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation 3

Since ~1980 Target & Intervention values & volume criteria -> Remediation necessity Intervention values are human and ecology risk based Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation 4

Remediation Practices / Approaches Soil Excavation + soil washing Excavation and biopiling Encapsulation / Living layer Steam injection Bio-attenuation Thermal treatment Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation 5

Remediation Practices / Approaches Groundwater Pump & Treat Air Sparging / Soil Vapor Extraction In situ treatment with chemicals; ISCO/ISCR (permanganate, O3, Fenton’s, etc) Thermal Bio-attenuation Monitored Natural Attenuation Combinations Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation 6

Remediation in China 2013 / 2014 Many contaminated sites Many plans for clean up Many remediation proposals submitted Many projects on hold Some remediation works done: result not satisfying or was not (cost-) effective What could have been done better (based on Western experience)? Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Two essential steps to pay attention to 1)Completion of Conceptual Site Model (CSM) 2)Remediation feasibility study Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Conceptual Site Model “Presentation of an environmental system and the biological, physical and chemical processes that determine the transport and fate of contaminants through environmental media to environmental receptors and their most likely exposure modes.” Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Conceptual Site Model Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Conceptual Site Model Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Conceptual Site Model Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation

Conceptual Site Model Why? Decision making Information Data gaps

Conceptual Site Model (EPA) General site info (also history) Site characteristics (details in next sheet) Sources (historical and ongoing, on and off site) Contaminants [soil, groundwater, free phase (DNAPL, LNAPL), breakdown products) Receptors, exposure pathways (human / ecological; direct / indirect)] Surroundings (receptors, sources, contaminants) Future use (site and surroundings)

Site characteristics Hydrogeology Soil characteristics (clay, sand, silt etc) Water content, particle size distribution Anthropogenic factors (construction waste, waste, ashes, asbestos, chemicals, odor, USTs, dumped barrels, sand piles, underground infrastructure etc) Groundwater table, flow direction, aquifer parameters, water bearing layers, non-permeable layers, infiltration or seeping Surface waters (on and off site; surface water level vs groundwater table; connected or not?

Contaminants We need to know much more than: “36 soil samples were taken and analyzed and Lead, Copper and Nickel were elevated with high averages, so remediation is necessary” Sample location, depth of samples, soil geology, relation with anthropogenic matters, groundwater conc., distribution, DNAPL/LNAPL, bio-attenuation, Site is 200 x 30 m, boreholes were 3 m deep -> 18,000 m3 = 36,000 tonnes soil to clean up And then: We need to know:

Site lay out with sampling and analysis data Borehole logs Cross sections with contaminant profiles, geology, sources, etc Analysis results Necessary parts to draw the Conceptual Site Model:

Remediation Feasibility study Currently: Not clear which decision making process for remedial strategy

Remediation Feasibility study Is about: Technical Practical / Logistical Legal Financial Social Sustainability Health and Safety

Technical Many potential technologies Some remarks: Stabilization / Immobilization Phyto remediation Soil washing No one solution fits all sites

CSM and Remediation Feasibility Study Why not yet embedded in Chinese practice? No experience No tradition No demand No incentive No budgets

Message of this presentation I hope that it becomes routine soon in China for contaminated sites that there will be carried out the complete required investigation for CSM Preparation. And that with the CSM a factual decision can be made, whether or not remediation is necessary for a site. If so, that based on a complete and objective feasibility study, the most efficient and cost-effective remedial approach can be selected and site clean up made successful.

Because, only then, the huge Chinese remediation operation will be feasible and more cost effective.

24Jan Smolders, Client Advisor Soil & Groundwater Remediation And I hope I can help with that. Jan Smolders Wechat: Thank you!! Any Questions??