1. Clean-up at BP Paulsboro New Jersey (USA) Roxane Fisher and Mark Ferguson

2. Background of the site Background of the site Contaminants Contaminants Possible solutions Possible solutions Action taken Action taken Conclusion Conclusion

3. Delaware River Residential area Mantua Creek Paulsboro, New Jersey Location

4. The Site Main terminal – 130 acres Main terminal – 130 acres Battery processing plant and ink manufacturing facility – 23 acres Battery processing plant and ink manufacturing facility – 23 acres Chemical plant – 60 acres Chemical plant – 60 acres –17 acre landfill –Contained gypsum Petroleum and chemical storage during WW1 Petroleum and chemical storage during WW1 Oil storage and fuelling terminal from 1929 Oil storage and fuelling terminal from 1929 BP took over operation of the site in 1969 BP took over operation of the site in 1969 From 1989 chemical storage and distribution phased out until closure in 1996 From 1989 chemical storage and distribution phased out until closure in 1996

5. Contaminants 1981 – Petroleum products discovered in ground water 1981 – Petroleum products discovered in ground water –Light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) –Kerosene –Ethyl-acetate –No. 6 oil (heavy fuel oil) 1994 – Petroleum vapours detected in nearby residential basements 1994 – Petroleum vapours detected in nearby residential basements

6. Possible solutions Permeable Reactive Barrier Permeable Reactive Barrier –Remediating contaminated ground water –Combines passive treatment zone with fluid-flow management –Continuous trench with backfilled treatment material –Treatment media may include zero-valent ion, sorbents and microbes –Takes a long time

7. Possible solutions Six-Phase Heating Six-Phase Heating –Removes LNAPL and Benzene remediation –Polyphase electricity resistively heats soil and groundwater to boiling point –Contaminants volativity is increased therefore improving the effects of vacuum extraction –Steam then acts as carrier gas to strip contaminants –Vapour then treated above by conventional means –Very expensive over a large area

8. Action Taken Groundwater treatment Groundwater treatment –1 acre facility –167 groundwater monitoring wells Air studies within nearby residencies Air studies within nearby residencies –no health risk Air sparging system for soils below the water table Air sparging system for soils below the water table Soil vapour extraction system (42 extraction wells) Soil vapour extraction system (42 extraction wells) Excavation on four separate areas of site Excavation on four separate areas of site –Recycled off site Demolition and removal of 79 tanks and 8000m of piping Demolition and removal of 79 tanks and 8000m of piping

9. Groundwater treatment Treatment facilities set up 1991 Treatment facilities set up 1991 6 active recovery wells 6 active recovery wells More than 3.8 million m 3 of water treated More than 3.8 million m 3 of water treated 2200 m 3 of contaminant removed 2200 m 3 of contaminant removed Groundwater monitoring on and off site Groundwater monitoring on and off site

10. Soil Vapour Extraction (SVE) SVE removes chemicals in the form of vapours from the soil above the water table SVE removes chemicals in the form of vapours from the soil above the water table Used to remediate unsaturated zone soil Used to remediate unsaturated zone soil Extraction wells drilled into the soil Extraction wells drilled into the soil Vacuum induced to increase air flow and remove volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds from the soil Vacuum induced to increase air flow and remove volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds from the soil –Removes 113 m 3 per min

11. Air Sparging Air or oxygen injected through a contaminated aquifer Air or oxygen injected through a contaminated aquifer Moves in channels through soil column removing organic contaminants by volatilization Moves in channels through soil column removing organic contaminants by volatilization Injected air flushes contaminants into unsaturated zone Injected air flushes contaminants into unsaturated zone Oxygen can also enhance biodegradation of contaminants below and above the water table Oxygen can also enhance biodegradation of contaminants below and above the water table

12. Conclusion Soil vapour extraction successful Soil vapour extraction successful –reached practical limit of remediation LNAPL contained within terminal area LNAPL contained within terminal area –not measured in off-site groundwater for 2 years On-site sampling shows a number of chemicals above groundwater quality criteria On-site sampling shows a number of chemicals above groundwater quality criteria 4300m 3 “Hot spot” source contamination excavated 4300m 3 “Hot spot” source contamination excavated Solar field built on landfill site Solar field built on landfill site –Produces 25% electricity required for remediation processes

13. Thank you for listening Any questions? Roxane Fisher and Mark Ferguson