Unit 2: Basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology Introduction to Anatomy Sports Medicine 1 Mr. Smith
Lesson Objectives Describe the functions of skin, bone, muscle, ligament, tendon, and cartilage Describe the types of bones and identify examples Describe the classification of joints and explain the types of motion produced Label general muscular and bony anatomy
Body Tissues Skin: Most superficial layer First line defense against external forces Keeps bodily fluids in Picks up sensations Secrets an oily substance
Body Tissues cont… Skin Made up of several layers Superficial – epidermis Middle- dermis Deep- hypodermis or subcutaneous layer Stores about 50% of body’s fat
Body Tissues cont… Skin Has ability to expand Accommodate increases in muscle girth or fatty tissue Stretch marks are where the dermis was stretched excessively until elastic fibers ruptured
Body Tissues cont… Bones Protect vital organs and structures from trauma Are stiff structures that are acted on by muscles to create movement Are metabolically active; that is, produced blood cells and store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus Protect nerves and blood vessels that travel alongside them
Body Tissues cont… Bones Approximately 206 bones in body Axial Skeleton Spine, thorax, skull Appendicular Skeleton Extremities
Body Tissues cont. Epiphysis (growth plate) Spongy during adolescence and can be problematic because of vulnerability to injury Diaphysis Shaft of the bone
Body Tissues cont… Articular Cartilage Cushions bone ends, provides stability with movement Periosteum Supportive sheath that provides nutrient blood for the bones Spongy Bone Filled with either red or yellow bone marrow, capable of making changes according to weight, postural change and muscle tension
Body Tissues cont… Compact Bone Dense bone Medullary Cavity Cavity of diaphysis, contains marrow Red Marrow Composed of red and white blood cells. In adults it is limited to the sternum, vertebrae, ribs, hips, clavicles, and cranial bones Yellow Marrow Fatty connective tissue, replaces red marrow in the epiphysis, medullary cavity of long bone, and cancellous bone of other bones
Body Tissues cont… Bones Long Bones Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
Body Tissues cont. Long Bones Having a body which is longer than it is wide with growth plates (epiphysis)
Body Tissues cont… Bones Long Bones Femur Tibia Fibula Humerus Radius Ulna
Body Tissues cont. Mini Long Bones Metacarpals Metatarsals Phalanges
Body Tissues cont. Short Bones Carpals Wrist Bones Tarsals Foot Bones A bone that is as wide as they are long
Body Tissues cont. Flat They are as they sound, flat plates of bone Scapula (Shoulder Blade) Sternum (Breast Bone) Cranium (Skull) Pelvis Ribs
Body Tissues cont. Irregular Bones that do not fall into any other category, due to their non-uniform shape Vertebrae (Bones of the Spine) Sacrum (Tail Bone) Mandible (Lower Jaw)
Body Tissues cont. Sesamoid Usually short or irregular bones, imbedded in a tendon Often a so called “Floating Bone” Patella (Knee Cap) Most Known 2 Small Bones at base of 1 st Metatarsal Sometimes 1 at base of Thumb
Body Tissues cont… Cartilage Functions to join structures Absorb shock And permit smooth bone movement
Body Tissues cont… Muscle Allows the body to accelerate, decelerate, stop movement, and help to maintain normal postural alignment Tendon Attach muscle to bone and transmit the force that a muscle exerts Ligament Connect bone to bone and helps to form joints
Body Tissues cont… Connective tissue Made up of spindle- shaped cells that support and bind together other tissues Ligaments and Tendons
Classification of Joints Diarthrodial (synovial) Really good mobility Consist of a joint capsule, synovial membrane, hyaline cartilage Hinge Joint Elbow and Knee Multiaxial or Ball and Socket Joint Hip and Shoulder Most mobility of all joints
Classification of Joints Amphiarthrodial Joints Cartilage attaching two bones together Ribs join the Sternum Synarthrodial Held together by tough connective tissue, and are basically immoveable Bones of the Skull