1. The Musculoskeletal System
BONES & JOINTS

2. Link with the Nervous System
The nervous system controls and coordinates movements within our bodies.
It collects sensory information that is relayed to the brain, causing our bodies to react.
The musculoskeletal system is what makes those movements possible.
Without our muscles and our bones, we would not be able to stand, write, or even open our eyes.

3. Basic Information
The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. Around 80% of these bones are found in our hands and feet.
At birth, humans have 270 bones. As we grow, our bones fuse together until adulthood.
The bones of the body can be divided into three anatomical regions:
The head – cranium, mandible, maxilla, etc.
The trunk – sternum, clavicle, scapula, ribs, etc.
The limbs – humerus, femur, tibia, carpals, etc.

4. The Head 1. The head Skull (cranium) Face Houses the brain
Cranial bones are flat and are immovable
Face
All bones are immovable, except the jaw (mandible)

5. The Trunk Thorax or rib cage Spinal column
2. Trunk (2 main groups of bones)
Spinal column
33 vertebrae (short bones joined by cartilage which allow only limited movements)
It is flexible, mobile and resists shocks
5 parts
Cervical (neck)
Thoracic (chest)
Lumbar
Sacral (sacrum)
Coccygeal (coccyx)
Thorax or rib cage
Ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae
Make a bony cage that protects organs and can change in volume for gas exchange
3 main types of ribs
True
False
Floating

7. Limbs Occur in pairs Each has 3 parts (i.e. arm, forearm, hand)
They are jointed held together by ligaments

8. Bone Anatomy
Bones are made up of bone cells. These cells are constantly renewing, (mitosis), and make up the hardest material in the human body.

9. Diaphysis middle section of the bone (yellow marrow) 2 Epiphyses
ends of the bone (red marrow) = red blood cells
Periosteum
Responsible for growth in width
thin membrane that encloses the bone
role in growth of the thickness of the bone, in healing fractures. Continually active, but decreases with age

10. Compact bone is dense and hard, giving bones their durability.
Within each bone is a variable proportion of spongy bone and compact bone.
Spongy bone contains small cavities. Marrow, (yellow and red), is found here.
Yellow marrow produces fat and bone.
Red marrow produces red and white blood cells and platelets.
Compact bone is dense and hard, giving bones their durability.

11. Bone Classification Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
The longest bone in the body is the femur, at around 60 cm long. The smallest bones are the ossicles in the ear, which are around the size of a pea.
Bones are classified into four types:
Long bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Flat bones

12. Type of bone Example in body Main Function in body
Long Bones
Femur, humerus.
work with muscles to move body parts, storage, support, blood production.
Short bones
Tarsals, carpals, clavicle
work with muscles to move body parts, storage
Flat bones
Sternum, cranium, scapula
Protect organs, blood production
Irregular Bones
The vertebrae, mandible, Iliac.
Support, blood production, movement

14. Bone Shape Humerus 2.Radius 3.Ulna 4.Femur 5.Fibula 6.Tibia 7.Cranium
long
2.Radius
Long
3.Ulna
4.Femur
5.Fibula
6.Tibia
7.Cranium
Flat
8. Mandible
Irregular
9. Clavicle
Short
10.Scapula
11.Sternum
12. Rib cage
13. Vertebrae
14. Iliac / os coxa
15.Carpals
16.Phalanges
17.Patella
18.Tarsals
19.Phalanges of the foot

15. Joints Any place where two bones meet.
Because of their rigidity, bones are held together by cartilage. Cartilage is more elastic and flexible, allowing movement between bones. It also acts as a shock absorber.
Ligaments are tissues that hold bones in their place.

17. Types of Joints Immovable Moveable Pelvis Skull Ball and socket Hinge
Gliding
Pivot

18. …
Ball and Socket
When a rounded end of one bone fits into a cup-like cavity in another bone.
Ex – Humerus in the scapula, femur in the pelvis.

19. … Pivot When one bone rotates within another.
Ex – Neck, radius and ulna

20. …
Hinge
When two bones move back and forth in relation to one another, like the hinges of a door.
Ex – Elbow joint, (humerus to radius), knee joint, (femur to tibia).

21. … Gliding When one bone slides past another.
Ex – carpals and metacarpals, tarsals and metatarsals.