European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action EU reporting on Sources and Sinks Dr. Erasmia Kitou DG ENV Unit C.1 Climate strategy, International Negotiation and Monitoring of EU Action Ispra, 13 November 2008

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action

Role of the JRC Assists in the improvement of methodologies for the LULUCF and agriculture sectors Compares methodologies used among the Member States for estimating emissions and removals from LULUCF and agriculture Provides EU-wide emissions and removal estimates obtained using various models/methods with a focus on LULUCF Maintain database on LULUCF emissions factors Close interaction with the Member States and the research community. Results of these activities by the JRC are made available to Member States in the period May-December to assist Member States in the compilation of their national inventories for the subsequent year

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action LULUCF emissions in the EC inventory Emissions reported to UNFCCC are based on bottom-up inventories Emissions and removals from LULUCF for the EC are the sum of Member States emissions and removals as reported in their CRF tables. Reporting based on: traditional Land Use statistics and National Forest Inventory data modelling

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action Problems in the LULUCF sector Problems: Lack of data Harmonization issues Uncertainties, e.g., due to high variability of emission factors Collection methods differ: design, spatial intensity, frequency of field survey, and of latest information available.

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action Improvements made Forest inventories have developed a lot, and further developments are under way. The improvements include: extended use of the new Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (IPCC 2003) key category analysis including LULUCF sector more complete category coverage estimation of emissions from important pools like soils use of improved activity data use of improved emission factors developments in uncertainty estimation improved reporting on methodology.

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action Reporting LULUCF activities under the Kyoto Protocol Report emissions and removals of CO 2 and other GHG resulting from: Article 3.3 activities (mandatory): Human induced conversion from forested unforested, since 1990 Afforestation, reforestation and deforestation Article 3.4 activities (voluntary): No land conversion but land- management Forest mgmt.,Cropland mgmt.,Grazing land mgmt.,Revegation Information reported is supplementary to that reported under the Convention Parties to report annually during the commitment period But annual reporting does not imply need for annual measurements

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action MS information During the Initial Report, Parties have provided some LULUCF-related information: forest parameters, activities elected under Art. 3.4, accounting frequency) This information is under the responsibility of MS. The EC initial report only included tables presenting an overview on MS' decisions as reported in their reports Information on how the national system will identify land areas associated with activities under Article 3.4 is provided in the assigned amount reports of MS as the development of the methodological approach to identify land areas is part of their responsibilities As only Member States may elect 3.3 and 3.4 activities and issue RMUs, the EC inventory under the KP will only include information on the sum of the 15 MS emissions and removals from the elected activities The EC will neither issue nor cancel units based on the reported emissions and removals from 3.3 and 3.4 activities The EC will report the sum of MS' cumulative accounting quantities for these activities at the end of the commitment period

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action Reporting obligations at EU level Decision 280/2004, Article 3.1(d) Decision 280/2004, Article 3.1(d) information with regard to the accounting of emissions and removals from land-use, land-use change and forestry, in accordance with Article 3(3) and, where a Member State decides to make use of it, Article 3(4) of the Kyoto Protocol, and the relevant decisions thereunder, for the years between 1990 and the year before last (year X-2); Decision 2005/166, Article 3 Decision 2005/166, Article 3 Member States shall, in accordance with Article 3(3) of the Kyoto Protocol and the relevant decisions adopted thereunder, for the purpose of Article 3(1)(d) of Decision No 280/2004/EC report their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks from land-use change and forestry activities under Article 3(3) of the Kyoto Protocol for the years between 1990 and the year before last. Member States that elect forest management, cropland management, grazing land management or revegetation under Article 3(4) of the Kyoto Protocol shall in addition report anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks for each elected activity for the years between 1990 and the year before last. Member States shall clearly distinguish this information from estimates of anthropogenic emissions from the sources listed in Annex A to the Kyoto Protocol. Member States shall provide the information in paragraph 1 in their reports submitted from 15 January 2010 onwards.

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action Difficult issues For all activities, ARD, FM, CM, GM and RV: land identification and tracking land transitions over time Reporting of soils, and especially organic soils Reporting on forest fires for Mediterranean countries with regards to assessment of destroyed areas and the future of burned land

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action Future considerations Timely reporting: 15 January 2010 KP 3.3 and 3.4 reporting mandatory in 2010 on the basis of 2008 data Avoid confusion with AFOLU and 2006 guidelines Going from Convention reporting to the KP 3.3 and 3.4 reporting is a substantial step Important to find and share solutions on delicate issues Important to ensure harmonised LULUCF KP reporting better transparency/consistency at the EU level Get better knowledge of the state of the art in the MS, be able to anticipate possible difficulties for EC level KP reporting and deal with them on time

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action More info on EU climate policy:

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action Uncertainties Uncertainties linked to forest area definitions Uncertainties linked to activity data Uncertainties linked to national forest inventories (NFI) Uncertainties linked to calculation of stocks increment Uncertainties linked to volume stocks statistics, or to harvest/drain statistics Uncertainties linked to expansion and conversion factors, or biomass functions

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action NON-CO 2 emissions Most non-CO 2 emissions are: CH 4 and NO 2 deriving from wildfires - especially in the Mediterranean countries N 2 O from disturbance associated with land-use conversion to cropland. In most cases these emissions appear negligible in comparison to emissions/removals of CO 2.

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action Preparation process Key category analysis determine minimumTier to use Determine level of accuracy based on existing data Precision: approaches : - Approach 1 : Use of existing data- Forestry and agriculture stats. - Approach 2 : Approach 1 + land use change info - Approach 3 : Explicit spatial information on land use and land use change (geological reference points, sampling, etc.) 2 – Emission/Absorption factors : 3 levels of accuracy - Tier 1 (default factors) - Tier 2 (national factors) - Tier 3 (models and inventories tailored specifically to UNFCCC needs)

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action Share of the main land use categories by area of the EU-25

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action Reporting Requirements – CRF for LULUCF Carbon stock changes in broad pools are estimated (including living biomass (above and below ground), dead wood and litter and soil organic matter (organic carbon in mineral and organic soils)) Table 5: Sectoral Report for LULUCF Table 5A:Forest land & Land converted to forest land Table 5B: Cropland & Land converted to cropland Table 5C: Grassland & Land converted to grassland Table 5D: Wetlands & Land converted to wetlands Table 5E: Settlements & Land converted to settlements Table 5F: Other land & Land converted to other land Table 5(I): Direct N 2 O emissions from N fertilization Table 5(II): N 2 O emissions from drainage of soils Table 5(III):N 2 O emissions from disturbance associated with land use conversion to cropland Table 5(IV): C emissions from agricultural lime application Table 5(V): Biomass burning

European Commission: Environment Directorate: Climate strategy, international negotiation and monitoring of EU action Past/On-going work Need to check both the forest inventory data and the preparation of the GHG inventory. Contribution of forests and forestry to mitigate greenhouse effects (COST E21) Objective: to exchange experience and knowledge and to improve the quality of GHG inventory compilation for forests in Europe Harmonisation of national forest inventories in Europe: Techniques for common reporting (COST E43) Objective: improve and harmonise the existing national forest resource inventories in Europe and at promoting the use of scientifically sound and validated methods in forest inventory designs, data collection and data analysis (e.g., harmonised estimation procedures for carbon pools and carbon pool changes. Workshops: Improving the Quality of Community GHG Inventories and Projections for the LULUCF Sector(Ispra, 2005)