Chapter 12 Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance

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Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance  Renaissance = Rebirth  Jacob Burkhardt  Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)  Urban Society  Age of Recovery  Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture  Emphasis on individual ability

The Making of Renaissance Society  Economic Recovery  Italian cities lose economic supremacy  Hanseatic League  Manufacturing  Textiles, Printing, Mining and Metallurgy  Banking  Florence and the Medici

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Social Changes in the Renaissance  The Nobility  Reconstruction of the Aristocracy  Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population  Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529(  The Book of the Courtier (1528)  Service to the prince

Peasants and Townspeople  Peasants  Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population  Decline of manorial system and serfdom  Urban Society  Patricians  Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen  The Poor and Unemployed  Slaves

Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy  Arranged Marriages  Father-husband head of family  Wife managed household  Childbirth  Sexual Norms

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Italian States in the Renaissance  Five Major Powers  Milan  Venice  Florence  The Medici  The Papal States  Kingdom of Naples  The Role of Women  France and Spain fight over the peninsula  Modern diplomatic system

Map 12-1, p. 348

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Chronology, p. 351

Machiavelli and the New Statecraft  Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527)  The Prince  Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power

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The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy  Italian Renaissance Humanism  Humanism based on Greco-Roman literature  Petrarch (1304 – 1374)  Civic Humanism – Florence  Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444)  New Cicero  Humanism and Philosophy  Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499)  Translates Plato’s dialogues  Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism  Renaissance Hermeticism  Corpus Hermeticum  Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494)  Oration on the Dignity of Man

Education & The Impact of Printing  Education in the Renaissance  Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music  Education of Women  Aim of Education was to create a complete citizen  Francesco Guicciardini  The Impact of Printing  Johannes Gutenberg  Movable type (1445 – 1450)  Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456)  The Spread of Printing

The Artistic Renaissance  Early Renaissance  Masaccio (1401 – 1428)  Perspective and Organization  Movement and Anatomical Structure  Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466)  David  Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446)  Church of San Lorenzo  Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)  Last Supper  Raphael (1483 – 1520)  School of Athens  Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)  The Sistine Chapel

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The Northern Artistic Renaissance  Jan van Eyck (c – 1441)  Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride  Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)  Adoration of the Magi  Music in the Renaissance  Guillaume Dufay

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The European State in the Renaissance  The Renaissance State in Western Europe  France  Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483)  England  War of the Roses  Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509)  Spain  Unification of Castile and Aragón  Establishment of professional royal army  Religious uniformity  The Inquisition  Conquest of Granada  Expulsion of the Jews

Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires  Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire  Habsburg Dynasty  Maximilian I (1493 – 1519)  The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe  Poland  Hungary  Russia  The Ottoman Turks and the end of the Byzantine Empire  Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory  Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)

Map 12-2, p. 367

Map 12-3, p. 368

Chronology, p. 370

The Church in the Renaissance  The Problem of Heresy and Reform  John Hus (1374 – 1415)  Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy  Burned at the stake (1415)  Church Councils  The Papacy  The Renaissance Papacy  Julius II (1503 – 1513)  “Warrior Pope”  Nepotism  Patrons of Culture  Leo X (1513 – 1521)

Map 12-4, p. 371

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Chronology, p. 373

Timeline, p. 374

Discussion Questions  What social changes did the Renaissance bring about?  How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of political power?  How did the printing press change European society?  What technical achievements did Renaissance artists make? Why were they significant?  What was the significance of The War of the Roses in England?  How did the popes handle the growing problems that were emerging in the Church in the Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century?