PP500: Public Administration and Management Unit 2 Professor Jamie Scripps jscripps@kaplan.edu

Housekeeping Grading schedule Feedback Questions?

Unit 2 Written Assignment Describe a recent event (can be local, state, or national) that illustrates some of the core issues and concerns of Public Administration.

Unit 2 Written Assignment Write a short essay in which you do the following: Identify at least 3 major concepts of Public Administration that relate to your chosen event (refer to Chapters 1-3 of Milakovich & Gordon) Identify at least 3 concerns of Public Administration, as illustrated by your chosen event.

Concepts Bureaucracy Efficiency Federalism Intergovernmental relationships Transparency and Accountability

Bureaucracy a formal organizational arrangement characterized by division of labor, job specialization with no functional overlap, exercise of authority through a vertical hierarchy (chain of command), and a system of internal rules, regulations, and record keeping; in common usage, the administrative branch of government (national, state, or local) in the United States; also, individual administrative agencies of those governments.

Efficiency the state or quality of being efficient; competency in performance. accomplishment of or ability to accomplish a job with a minimum expenditure of time, effort, and resources (taxpayer dollars).

Federalism a constitutional division of governmental power between a central or national government and regional governmental units (such as states), with each having some independent authority over its citizens.

Intergovernmental relationships of, relating to, or conducted between two or more governments.

Transparency characterized by visibility or accessibility of information.

Accountability a political principle according to which agencies or organizations, such as those in government, are subject to some form of external control, causing them to give a general accounting of, and for, their actions; an essential concept in democratic public administration.

Discussion Question Does transparency in government make us more or less safe? Why?

Discussion Question How are bureaucrats held accountable for their actions?

Concerns Social-Demographic Change Population growth Urbanization Threat of terrorism/public safety Technological advances

Social-Demographic Changes shifts in the population and economies of various regions that impact the delivery of public services.

Population growth We have become a nation of over 304 million inhabitants, from less than one- third that many a century ago and just under half that number (151 million) in 1950. This striking growth in numbers has been paralleled by increases in demands for public services.

Urbanization the rapid and massive growth of, and migration to, large cities.

Threat of terrorism/public safety Government has to be able to respond to potential emergencies, and ongoing policy and program demands, in new ways to meet new threats. Politically, financially, and administratively, agencies must be equipped to deliver services or otherwise satisfy public demands placed on them.

Threat of terrorism/public safety These demands have escalated following 9/ 11 and Hurricane Katrina (and now the BP oil spill in the Gulf) with the need for comprehensive planning to prevent actions of domestic and international terrorist groups and minimize the impact of natural disasters. Such changes may require fundamental changes in the police power of government that may compromise strict interpretation of civil liberties.

Technological advances rapidly emerging patterns of change in communication, medical, and transportation technologies, among others, with significant implications both for the societal challenges confronting government and for the means and resources increasingly available to government for conducting public affairs.

Discussion Question How have technological changes affected government in general and public administration in particular?

Trends Participation E-Government Reduce Collective Bargaining Focus on Budgets and Performance Fiscal/Budget Constraints Executive Dominance Debureaucratization

Participation Internal and external participation in government, which includes the devolution of national government functions to state and local governments and the emergence of new more localized community associations which encourage participation;

E-Government The expansion of information technology and management science techniques, including e-government and the practices of outsourcing and contracting out;

Reduce Collective Bargaining Attempts to eliminate public employee unionization and collective bargaining;

Focus on Budgets and Performance A renewed emphasis on budgets, performance management and employee productivity;

Fiscal/Budget Constraints Fiscal and budgetary constraints;

Executive Dominance Executive dominance and the use of reorganization as an instrument of policy; and

Debureaucratization Continuing efforts to debureaucratize

Debureaucratize Strategy to decentralize and deregulate the public sector by reductions-in-force, promoting greater flexibility in personnel decisions, and increasing results-oriented incentives to reduce “overhead” costs.

Questions so far?

Human Behavior in Public Organizations Formal Theories Human Relations Schools Organizational Humanism Modern Organization

Formal Theories Max Weber and the Bureaucratic Model division of labor and functional specialization vertical hierarchy formal rules and procedures maintenance of records and files; and emphasis on neutral administration and professionalism.

Formal Theories Frederick Winslow Taylor and “Scientific Management efficiency rationality productivity and profit (applied to the private sector). Like Weber, Taylor viewed authority within an organization as highly centralized and hierarchical; he was later criticized by scholars for ignoring the needs of workers.

Human Relations Schools Hawthorne Studies - Mayo’s Hawthorne studies found that within a formal organizational framework there was an equally influential informal social structure that affected behavior and motivation.

Organizational Humanism Maslow’s  Hierarchy of Needs –workers have different kinds of needs that must be satisfied in sequence: basic survival needs job security social needs ego needs and personal fulfillment in the job, (page 172, figure 4-1).

Modern Organization TQM – (Total Quality Management) – Management approach that encourages organization-wide commitment, teamwork and better quality of results by providing incentives to increase the success of the whole enterprise.

Discussion Question The human relations school challenged the formal approach in a number of ways, including greater concern with informal social structures within organizations. What are the criticisms of this school and how have they influenced its acceptance and application in public agencies?

Discussion Question Discuss the values underlying modern organization theory. What are the major elements and implications of a “systems” approach to overcoming complexity, uncertainty, and isolation from the surrounding environment?

Discussion Question Why would some individuals in organizations resist efforts to “improve coordination” among various units and activities? How might those intent on improving coordination overcome such resistance?

Questions?