Rosids – Malvids: Brassicales - Malvales - Sapindales Spring 2014

Fig. 8.30

Core Eudicots: Rosids-Malvids Order Brassicales Brassicaceae* – Mustards Order Malvales Malvaceae* – Mallows, cotton, chocolate Order Sapindales Sapindaceae* – Maples, lychee Rutaceae – Citrus *family required for recognition

Rosids-Malvids: Brassicales: Brassicaceae (‘Cruciferae’ - The Mustard Family) Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the Mediterranean region, SW Asia, and western North America Herbs, shrubs or trees; (sometimes herbs); glucosinolates (mustard oils) present in all taxa Diversity: 3,400-3,700 species in 321-338 genera Flowers: Sepals 4; petals 4 (cruciform), often clawed; stamens 6, all + equal or usually 2 shorter and 4 longer (tetradynamous); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a capsule, usually dehiscing by splitting into 2 valves leaving a persistent cross-wall, a silique or silicle Significant features: 4-merous flowers; often pioneers after disturbance Special uses: Many important food plants – cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea), turnip (Brassica rapa), mustards (Brassica spp.), horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), and a wide range of ornamentals Required family; required genus: Brassica

tetradynamous stamens Brassicaceae clawed petals tetradynamous stamens (2 short + 4 long) cruciform petals silique - silicle

Arabidopsis thaliana The model plant of choice for much of molecular biology.

Brassicaceae: Brassica -annuals or biennials -at least the lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, lyrate or pinnate -racemes without bracts -sepals erect during anthesis -petals yellow -ovary and silique with a prominent beak 30+ species

Brassica oleracea

spring ephemerals ornamentals Brassicaceae

Brassicaceae – often weedy or pioneering

Brassicaceae Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Kill it!

Rosids-Malvids: Malvales: Malvaceae (The Mallow Family) Cosmopolitan Trees, shrubs, lianas or herbs; vegetative parts with mucilage; leaves often palmately veined and lobed (may be pinnately veined) or palmately compound; stellate hairs Diversity: 4,200 species in ca. 250 genera Flowers: Sepals & petals 5, calyx valvate; stamens 5 to many, monadelphous or polydelphous; carpels 2 to many, connate, superior ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule, also berry, samara, schizocarp, or drupe Significant features: basic inflorescence unit a modified, 3-bracted cyme; flowers often associated with conspicuous bracts forming an epicalyx; nectaries of densely packed, multicellular glandular hairs, usually on sepals Special uses: cotton (Gossypium), cacao or chocolate (Theobroma), durian (Durio), balsa wood (Ochroma); many ornamentals, e.g. hibiscus (Hibiscus) Required family

Malvaceae Monadelphous stamens Polydelphous stamens

Theobroma cacao

Malvaceae: Gossypium -subshrubs to shrubs -seeds + globular, often with hair (lint)

Malvaceae: Gossypium -subshrubs to shrubs -seeds + globular, often with hair (lint) epicalyx

Rosids-Malvids: Sapindales: Sapindaceae (The Maple Family) Mainly tropical and subtropical, a few diverse in the temperate zone (e.g., Acer, Aesculus) Trees, shrubs or lianas with tendrils Diversity: 1,450-1,580 species in 131-135 genera Flowers: Unisexual or bisexual; sepals & petals 4-5, petals often clawed, with more or less basal appendages adaxially; usually an extrastaminal nectar disk present; stamens 8 or fewer (rarely up to 12), filaments usually hairy or papillose; carpels 2 or 3, connate, superior ovary; fruit a capsule, berry, or schizocarp; seeds with a deep fold or pocket in the seed coat Significant features: presence of saponins in many Special uses: lumber, maple syrup (Acer saccharum); many ornamentals; tropical fruits (longan, lychee, rambutan) Required family; required genus: Acer

Sapindaceae: Acer -trees or sometimes shrubs -leaves opposite, simple and palmately lobed, rarely pinnately or palmately compound -calyx usually 5-lobed -petals 0 or as many as the calyx lobes -ovary with 2 connate, winged carpels, 2 ovules per carpel -fruit a schizocarp, splitting into 2 samaroid mericarps Some treatments retain this as Aceraceae!

Rosids-Malvids: Sapindales: Rutaceae (The Citrus Family) Nearly cosmopolitan, primarily tropical to subtropical Trees or shrubs, sometimes with thorns, spines or prickles Diversity: 1,800-1,900 species in 158-161 genera Flowers: Sepals & petals 4 – 5; stamens 8-10; annular nectar disk; carpels 4-5 to many, connate, superior ovary; axile placentation; fruit a drupe, capsule, samara, cluster of follicles or modified berry with leathery, glandular rind (i.e., hesperidium in Citrus). Significant features: Aromatic oils chemically complex; simple or compound leaves with pellucid dots containing aromatic ethereal oils Special uses: many desirable fruits - oranges, lemons, limes, tangerine, grapefruit (Citrus), kumquat (Fortunella), several ornamentals, e.g. cork tree (Phellodendron) Family not required

Pellucid dots

Rutaceae: Citrus -fruit a hesperidium