New Reproductive Technology Juan Felipe Pardo y Paulina Campo 10F

Types of NEW Reproductive Technology There are many new types of reproductive technology such as: Cloning Synthetic cells IPS (Induced pluripotent stem cell) Parthenogenesis

Cloning Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact copy of other organism Every single part of their organisms are exactly the same between them There are two types of cloning, such as artificial embryo twining and somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Artificial Embryo Twining Click in the image to see how cloning works Natural cloning occurs after fertilization in an egg cell and a sperm cell, by the other hand artificial embryo twining does the same but in a petri dish. In artificial cloning the embryo needs to be separated manually.

somatic cell nuclear transfer This uses a different process than Artificial Embryo Twinning, but the results will be the same This was the method used to clone Dolly the sheep To understand Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer we first need to understand what does it means. Click in image to see how it works

Example of Somatic Cell Transfer Dolly the sheep was a cloned sheep that was created between 1996 and 1997 (but cloning technologies exist from before)

SYNTHETIC CELL In the picture: Craig Venter and Dan Gibson

Synthetic Cell This provides a basis of creating organisms from scratch Dan Gibson and Craig Venter were the creators of this cell “The aim of the project is to be able to carry all the information required for making life in a memory stick”

How was it possible to achieve this For the past 15 years the genomes of many organisms were sequenced and deposited in databases (A genome is a series of “instructions” that the cell have on how to develop that’s what make us humans) Since 2008 they are trying to generate synthetic life by transferring bacterial genomes into a host

Creation Process

"If we can really get cells to do the production that we want, they could help wean us off oil and reverse some of the damage to the environment by capturing carbon dioxide.“ -Craig Venter

IPSC (INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL)

IPSC (Included Pluporient Stem Cell) These cells are adult cells that can be genetically reprogrammed In 2006 and 2007 they found that human and mouse fibroblasts could be reprogrammed to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (Fibroblasts are cells that contribute to the formation of connective tissue)

Uses and limitations of IPSC IPSC are going to be useful tools for drug development and modeling diseases They hope to use them in transplantation medicine In animal studies the viruses used to introduce the stem cell factors sometimes causes cancer. (there are currently making researches to avoid these)

The tissue delivered from this process will be almost identical match to the cell donor and will probably avoid rejection of the immune system

PARTHENOGENESIS

Parthenogenesis or “Virgin Birth” Parthenogenesis can be considerated as another way of asexual reproduction This is a process in witch a female egg is capable to reproduce with out the need of a male (sperm or any male cells) This process will be between two females and the product will be a female

Parthenogenesis or “Virgin Birth” Few plants and bacteria are capable of self reproduction with out the need of a male In mammals there should be needed a male and a female in order to the embryo have a proper development In the process of creating Kaguya a similar thing of having male and female cells ocured

Example of Parthenogenesis Kaguya is an example of parthenogenesis 2 Female cells where needed, one of them should have been mature The “young” cell was tricked to believe it was a male cell (they imprinted it) Kaguya was one of only two mice out of 457 eggs to survive

Kaguya Kaguya had a normal development and was capable of producing offspring with a male mouse

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