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Microorganisms to Multicellular Organisms Animal Circulation Microorganisms to Multicellular Organisms

Size Matters: Surface/Volume Ratio unfold the cube’s surfaces 1 cm volume = 1 cm3 S/V=6.0 surface = 6 cm2 unfold the cube’s surfaces 2 cm DB25020.jpg volume = 8 cm3 S/V=3.0 surface = 24 cm2 Larger organisms have less surface area relative to volume than do smaller organisms. Materials inside have less contact with surface, so circulation inside is needed! Conclusion?

Circulation of materials in the body Size matters: microorganisms use simple diffusion and osmosis Occasionally amplified by facilitated diffusion or active transport Or vesicular transport! Altering shape may make diffusion uptake a shorter, faster path osmosis diffusion active transport Cyclosis in the cell helps circulate materials taken up vesicular transport http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/amoebafeeding3.jpg

Circulation in an Amoeba which has a shell… http://videoserver.magnet.fsu.edu/micd/pondscum/protozoa/amoeba/mpeg/amoeba01ob.mpg This is another example of eukaryotic cyclosis (cytoplasmic streaming) to facilitate gas exchange and nutrient exchange in larger cells

In Stentor, a narrow elongate shape permits faster diffusion. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/images/stentor.jpg In Stentor, a narrow elongate shape permits faster diffusion. Myonemes along body wall allow shape contraction to mix cell contents. Exterior circulation by cilia helps move fresh water for gas exchange, nutrients closer to body, for exchange.

Sponge Morphology http://www.cruisecortez.com/img/jpg/sponge.jpg

Basic Sponge Anatomy: Fundamentally two-layered body wall Ostia surrounded by porocyte permit entry of water and particulates Flagellated cells feed on particulates and move water out osculum http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/ees/life/slides/phyla/sponge.gif

Sponge choanocyte: feeding flagellated cell with microvilli collar flagellum http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/biodic/images/anatepon/epo17b.jpg

This is a colony of polyps with tentacles for feeding The yellow-brown color is due to endosymbiotic dinoflagellates Cnidarians have just the two tissue layers, so internal circulation is not critical, exchanges are diffusion

Polyplacophora: chitons http://www.birdsasart.com/red%20Chiton.jpg The most-primitive mollusc has 8 valves (plates) protecting its soft tissues beneath. The chiton foot attaches to rocks and the animal uses its radula to scrape organic material from the rock surfaces. http://www.dec.ctu.edu.vn/sardi/mollusc/images/chiton.jpg

After working hard to remove the “suck rock” organism from the rock, the ventral surface of the chiton shows the obvious mollusc features. gills foot mouth (radula inside) http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/animal%20diversity/protostomes/chiton_ventral_surface.jpg

This cartoon shows a longitudinal slice of a chiton with the three principal parts: foot (locomotion or attachment), visceral mass (internal organs), and mantle (secretes valves). dorsal aorta gonad heart valve plates pericardial cavity (coelom) hemocoel ventricle radula auricle mantle mouth anus foot digestive gland stomach nephridium nephridiopore ventral nerve cord (not shown) gonopore

How does the bivalve know you are swimming by? Eyes! http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/prot_res/images/other_spec/scallop_eyes.jpg Evaginated gills provide increased surface area for gas exchange

Nephridia cleanse the blood of nitrogenous waste. This cartoon is shows a plane of section perpendiular to the previous one. hinge and ligament The foot can push a bivalve through sediments. The food-trapping gills are used for gas exchange. The heart pumps the blood into the hemocoel bathing the tissues. It goes through the gills for gas exchange. The blood then returns to the heart. shell heart nephridium intestine mantle gonad gills foot Nephridia cleanse the blood of nitrogenous waste.

Open Circulatory Systems Fig 44.21 Page 995 Hemocyanin and hemoglobin are present in this group Hemocyanin is plesiomorphic and less efficient than hemoglobin

In insects such as this grasshopper, circulation is an open system The “blood” of a grasshopper contains a greenish hemocyanin rather than the red hemoglobin for oxygen transport. The “blood” reenters the circulation system via the ostia for anterior flow. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Circulation is not for gas exchange; uses trachea system. Body movement increases rate when more nutrients are needed. Seems inefficient for an active animal!

Hemolymph Circulation in Dorsal Vessel of Insects http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cq--zXVc8Ww

Lumbriculus variegatus : California mudworm This is an aquatic oligochaete annelid Mouth feeds in sediments Tail extends toward water surface for gas exchange Body walls nearly transparent for easy observation For example: may count pulses of blood in dorsal vessel http://scied.fullerton.edu/VIDA/VIDAImages/U2M5Lumbriculus/F00005.html http://www.westminster.net/faculty/cobler/Lumbriculus%20variegatus.jpg

Circulation in Lumbricus terrestris (showing just the left arches) aortic arch ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company What is NOT shown well in this cartoon? Gas exchange!

Evolution of circulation systems among vertebrate classes ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Incomplete separation of two sides means mixing blood of different quality. Amphibians have skin exchange and reptiles have laminar flow. or BIRD Homeotherms! Two capillary beds means slower flow, but gills are efficient

Respiratory/Circulatory Systems Ventilation system Fig 44.1 Page 979

Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens) gas exchange muscular pump glucose control blood cell replacement ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company nitrogenous waste absorbing nutrients gas exchange nutrient exchange

Blood movement within the four-chambered heart of vertebrates return from body …to body …to lung …from lung semilunar valve ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company semilunar valve mitral valve tricuspid valve Note: arteries take blood away from the heart…veins return to heart The difference is NOT about whether the blood is oxygenated or not!

2 1 DUB!! 3 4 Atria contract: ventricles filled, valves close Heart relaxes: atria filled by system pressure 1 2 LUB ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company DUB!! Ventricles contract: blood sent to lungs and body Heart relaxes: system pressure closes valves 3 4

The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent! initial instrinsic stimulus from “pacemaker” atrial contraction “LUB” ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company and Purkinje fibers ventricular contraction “DUB” Frog Lab Exercise: neural and intrinsic control The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent!

An electrocardiogram (EKG): the electrical changes recorded from electrodes attached to the skin reveal the electrical activity of the heart. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company In abnormal heart behavior, this recording may reveal where trouble spots exist within the heart’s electrical controls.

Comparative structure of blood vessels ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company High Pressure Low Pressure Exchange Which of these has the greatest surface to volume ratio?

artery vein smooth muscle less smooth muscle no valves ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company vein smooth muscle no valves less smooth muscle valves significant

Veins in valves: “check valves” prevent back flow during heart cycles: ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Pressure Pulse Pressure Subsides Valves prevent backflow abnormal valve during atrial contraction “varicose veins”

Blood clotting (thrombosis) in a veinule ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company A thrombus that breaks free and moves through the rest of the circulation system is called a thromboembolus and can lodge in other areas of the body resulting in pulmonary (lung) embolism, stroke (brain), or myocardial (heart) infarction.

Atheroschloersis: “hardening of the arteries” Normal artiole Arteriole occluded with fatty plaque Blood flow will be restricted, oxygenation will be reduced. Even a small group of cells could completely cut off the flow (myocardial infarction). plaque ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

Blood pressure varies with distance from heart BP is usually measured in the radial artery aorta arteries systolic pressure 120 100 80 60 40 20 When a sphygmomanometer gives a result of 120/80 mm Hg, it is interpreted as close to normal for men. arterioles mean pressure diastolic pressure Blood pressure (mm Hg) capillaries veinules veins vena cava Distance traveled by blood from left ventricle

Flow rate in blood vessels in a circulation system ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Branching explains why you don’t get the “thumb on the hose nozzle” effect

Frog foot webbing capillaries come close to each body cell Human capillaries are only wide enough for one RBC to pass ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

Capillary walls are a single endothelial cell joined at edges ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company pinocytosis (vesicular transport) brings materials through capillary wall

Fig 44.23 Page 997

Pressure differentials across the capillary walls drive pinocytosis ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction determine relative exchanges ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Arteriolar constriction

The brain can selectively alter blood flow in tissues by sphincters ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company normal temperature cold flushing of skin Or embarrassment

Head blood vessels show extensive capillary beds in “face” ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

Figure 44.11 page 985 Figure 44.15 page 989

Iron is a macroelement for vertebrates! Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at the chelation site of iron (Fe) in heme: H3C HC CH2 C C notice the resonating bond system to help trap the oxygen molecule in large electron cloud HC CH C C N C O=O .. C H3C C C CH3 N Fe N H2C C C CH CH2 C C N CH2 HC C C CH COOH C C CH2 CH3 CH2 COOH Iron is a macroelement for vertebrates!

Gas exchanges at the blood-tissue interface CO2 O2 tissue cell cytosol CO2 CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ capillary plasma red blood cell CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ H+ + HbO2 HHb + O2 CO2 + HbO2 HbCO2 + O2

circulation direction CO2 CO2 O2 H2O HbO2 HbO2 HbO2 H2O CO2 CO2 H2O HbO2 HCO3- H+ HbO2 lungs HCO3- H+ tissues HHb HCO3- HHb HHb HCO3- HCO3- O2 O2 O2 O2

Dissociation curves for hemoglobin explain oxygen exchange 100 80 60 40 20 Unloading to tissues at normal pH Oxygen unloaded at low pH (high CO2) Low blood pH Normal blood pH Percent saturation of Hb with O2 Exercise Rest Lungs 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)

Percent saturation of Hb with O2 A placental mammal fetus has fetal hemoglobin with higher affinity for oxygen than the mother’s hemoglobin in the placenta 100 80 60 40 20 Unloading to fetal tissues transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal hemoglobin in the placenta Percent saturation of Hb with O2 Fetus Mother 0 20 40 60 80 100 Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)

Human and Maternal/Fetal circulation capillary bed shunts away from lungs artery or vein? artery or vein? ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company artery or vein? artery or vein? arterioles veinules capillary bed Note: What kind of circulation is shown in placenta?

Percent saturation of Hb with O2 The mammal body tissues possess myoglobin, which has an even higher affinity for oxygen: 100 80 60 40 20 Unloading to fetal tissue myoglobin transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal hemoglobin in the placenta Percent saturation of Hb with O2 Fetus Mother 0 20 40 60 80 100 Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg) Myoglobin in tissues has higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin

Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens) gas exchange muscular pump glucose control blood cell replacement ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company nitrogenous waste absorbing nutrients gas exchange nutrient exchange

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

Animal Altitude % RBC ∆% Percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells Animal Altitude % RBC ∆% Human Sea level 5,360 m 46% 60% 14% Sheep 4,700 m 35% 50% 15% Dog 4,540 m Rabbit 5,340 m 57% 22% Vicuña 30% 32% 2%

The vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) is a camelid inhabiting high-altitude regions of the Andes mountains. It is a relative of llama, alpaca, and guanaco…and interbreeding among these four is possible. http://www.horizonsunlimited.com/images/0262314-VicunaChile.jpg

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company