Ergogenic Aids

Ergogenic Aids Any substance, man made or natural, that will artificially enhance performance by increasing strength, endurance, etc Who uses ergogenic aids? Placebo effects? Ethical issues?

Anabolic Steroids Schedule III of Controlled Substances Act Usage began in the 1940’s Synthetic substance developed in 1953 IOC banned steroids in late 1960’s IOC instituted testing at 1976 Summer Olympics 21 FB players banned from bowl games in 1987 Recent increase in usage

Effects of Anabolic Steroids Mimics Testosterone Androgenic Effects male sex characteristics want to limit these effects Anabolic Effects increase protein & creatine phosphate synthesis increase muscle mass increase aggressiveness **increase oxygen carrying capacity - not proven

Anabolic Steroids - Sources Prescription anemia, replacement therapy, increase appetite, abnormal protein synthesis NORMAL dose = 5-10 mg/day Veterinarian Black Market

Anabolic Steroids - Administration Oral – Dianabol, Android, Anadrol, Oxandrin EXCESSIVE dose = >25-50 mg/day (200 mg/day) Injection – Deca-Durabolin, DEPO-Testosterone EXCESSIVE dose = >100-200 mg/week Programs stacking - use of oral & injectable pyramiding - then usage cycling - on/off (6-12 wks)

Anabolic Steroids - Adverse Effects Psychological “roid rage” mood swings, depression, euphoria mania, recklessness Physical liver toxicity muscle cramps acne balding, increase hair on body water retention heart abnormalities premature closure of epiphyseal growth plates alters fat metabolism women - masculine

Anabolic Steroids – More Adverse Effects increase blood pressure increase cholesterol increase risk of HA increase risk of liver cancer body stops producing testosterone tendon injuries illness due to contaminated needles increase in number of injuries?

Drug Testing Urine test Test 1 hr. after announcing test Masking agents – Benemid, Corticosteroids, DHEA, other substances T/E Ratio also measure concentration of testosterone and specific gravity

DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) Natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands converted to testosterone – anabolic effects Medicinal uses – heart disease, obesity, diabetes, amount in body decreases w/age Masking agent – normalizes T/E ratio Available as a supplement

Androstenedione Natural substance – produced in adrenal glands Nutritional supplement Anabolic effects, increase energy, enhance recovery

Human Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) Hormone secreted from pituitary gland Effects stimulate protein synthesis stimulate growth increase muscle mass increase strength of muscles, tendons, etc

Human Growth Hormone Adverse effects Alternative to steroids acromegaly - large hands & feet abnormal shaped head increase size of heart, liver, kidneys increase cholesterol Alternative to steroids cheaper harder to detect

Beta Blockers (Beta1 antagonists) Decrease activity in sympathetic N.S. Medical uses - hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias Reasons for abuse by athletes cardiac palpitations, decrease HR muscle tremors hyperventilation anxiety, nervousness

Blood Doping Purpose - increase number of RBC to O2 carrying capacity Technique remove blood 5-6 wks. before event freeze RBC infuse RBC several days before event

Blood Doping Adverse effects Risks **Difficult to detect difficult to train increase viscosity of blood Risks risk of blood clots, HA or stroke infection hepatitis **Difficult to detect Eryrthropoietin(EPO) – human hormone

Nutritional Supplements Pharmaceutical vs. Nutraceutical vitamin, mineral, herb, amino acid, metabolite, extract 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) – allowed manufacturers to distribute products w/o a prescription and outside FDA jurisdiction. can only make general health statements

Creatine Effects Adverse effects increase rate of creatine resynthesis during ex. recycles ATP prolongs onset of fatigue - decrease lactic acid accumulation increase protein synthesis, increase muscle mass Adverse effects cramping, muscle strains kidney problems; long term effects unknown weight gain

Chromium Effects regulates carbohydrate supply assists insulin - increase transport of glucose increase energy increase protein synthesis, increase muscle mass decrease body fat???? Is a trace element Be aware of liver toxicity Is not banned by IOC or NCAA

Bicarbonate Ingestion Counteracts buildup of lactic acid in anaerobic events Dosage needed >300 mg/kg (>35 tablets) Adverse effects – diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance Is not banned

Nutritional Supplements Pyruvate - decrease body fat ????? Ephedrine (Ma Huang) – increase weight loss; many side effects Guarana Green Tea Leaf Extract Willow Bark L-Carnitine – burn fat faster

Nutritional Supplements Ginseng –increase power; affects energy systems; often combined w/ ephedrine L-Glutamine – increase function of immune system HMB – increase muscle mass; decrease fat