1. Anabolic Steroids

2. What are they? Hormones synthesized from cholesterol Produced by interaction of hypothalmic, pituitary & gonadal glands Male production=5-10 mg./day Female production = 1-2 mg./day Stored in blood – not the glands Effects on body anabolic androgenic

3. Effects of Anabolic Steroids Mimics Testosterone Androgenic Effects male sex characteristics want to limit these effects Anabolic Effects increase protein & creatine phosphate synthesis increase muscle mass increase aggressiveness **increase oxygen carrying capacity - not proven

4. Anabolic Steroids Usage began in the 1940s Synthetic substance developed in 1953 IOC banned steroids in late 1960s IOC instituted testing at 1976 Summer Olympics 21 FB players banned from bowl games in 1987 Recent increase in usage

5. History Developed in early 1950s for the anabolic effects 1954 Olympic games first reported use when syringes were found in Soviet Union locker room Introduced to US in 1960s Banned by IOC in 1968 First urine tests done in 1976 at Olympic games First confirmed use by women at 1976 Olympics after + tests of E. German swimmers

6. History cont. NCAA instituted drug testing in 1986 at national competitions. 21 FB tested + that year at bowl games. Federal Anabolic Steroid Act of 1990 classified them as controlled substances Schedule III of Controlled Substances Act Use has been on decline since 1980s Probably due to increased use of prohormones Exception is women

7. Types of Anabolic Steroids Exogenous, synthetic steroids developed to decrease androgenic effects without affecting anabolic effects Also modified to prevent 1 st pass breakdown in liver Oral (short ½ life) Injectable (bypass liver)

8. Modified oral compounds have additional carbon molecule, C-17 alkylated steroids which withstand liver degradation. These are very hard on the liver. Most injectable steroids are oil based, lipid soluble.

9. How do they work? Bind to receptors in skeletal muscle, prostate, heart, testes, & brain Cause increased protein synthesis & nitrogen retention which causes increased muscle size and strength Prevent catabolic effects of cortisol by controlling its release during intense training

10. Anabolic Steroids - Sources Prescription anemia, replacement therapy, increase appetite, abnormal protein synthesis NORMAL dose = 5-10 mg/day Veterinarian Blackmarket

11. Legitimate Medical Use Hypogonadal men Burn victims, AIDS patients, severe osteoporosis, breast cancer, malnourishment, adolescent disease ?? Uses being tested Injury treatment Male contraception Anti-aging Lowering serum cholesterol

12. How are they taken? Cycling Take for a period of time and then cycle off before beginning again. Method used to beat drug testing Stacking Take more than one at a time trying to achieve synergistic effect Pyramiding Gradually increase number and amount of compounds to maximize effects and decrease side effects

13. Health Risks of Steroid Use Not well tested or documented History of misinformation by medical community Unethical to administer doses equal to abuse levels Funding Retrospective studies are unreliable

14. Abuse Effects on Women Hirsutism- facial Skin coarsening ** Deepening of voice ** Breast tissue reduction Alteration of menstrual cycles Facial masculization ** Clitoral enlargement ** irreversible after prolonged use

15. Abuse Effects on Men Decreased endogenous serum testosterone (as little as 3 weeks) (12 weeks = problems) Testicular atrophy Impaired sperm production Impotence Male pattern baldness ** Prostate enlargement ** Gynecomastia (aromatization) ** ** irreversible after prolonged use

16. Abuse Effects on Teenagers Same sex effects Premature epiphyseal growth plate closure

17. Abuse Effects on Both Sexes Severe acne Weakened tendons Jaundice Fluid retention Cardiovascular effects

18. Effects on liver Liver toxicity Cancer Formation of blood filled sacs Pre-existing conditions could lead to more serious problems

19. Cardiovascular Effects Reduction of HDL levels High BP Enlargement of heart

20. Psychiatric Symptoms Roid rage Not well documented, anecdotal evidence Reported after high dosage levels, sustained use Athletes could be predisposed to anger Psychological dependence bigger biceps mindset Sociological pressure Suppressed endogenous testosterone production after abuse

21. Other Adverse Effects Connective tissue injuries Musculotendinous areas Needle contamination Blood borne pathogens Counterfeit steroids Contamination

22. Drugs used to counter effects Cytadren & Arimidex (s) Counters aromatization Tamoxifen Reduce gynecomastia Clomid (s) Restore natural testosterone production Nolvadex Anti-bloating HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) Avoiding testicular atrophy

23. Legal Implications Anabolic Steroid Act 1990 classified them as controlled substances Use 1 st offense = 1 yr. jail & $1000 fine 2 nd offense = up to 2 yrs. jail & minimum of $2500 fine Selling & distribution Federal offense 1 st offense = up to 5 yrs. jail and $250,000 fine 2 nd offense = up to 10 yrs. jail & higher fine

24. Common Brands, Names Anadrol oxymetholone Arimidex anastrozole Deca Durabolin Nandrolone deconaoate Dianabol methandrostenolone Equipoise boldenone Parlodel bromocriptine Primobolan Depot Methenolone enanthate Trenbolone acetate Winstrol Depot stanozolol Oxandrin oxandrolone

25. Anabolic Steroids - Administration Oral – Dianabol, Android, Anadrol, Oxandrin EXCESSIVE dose = >25-50 mg/day (200 mg/day) Injection – Deca-Durabolin, DEPO- Testosterone EXCESSIVE dose = >100-200 mg/week Programs stacking - use of oral & injectable pyramiding - then usage cycling - on/off (6-12 wks)

26. Drug Testing Urine test Test 1 hr. after announcing test Masking agents – Benemid, Corticosteroids, DHEA, other substances T/E Ratio also measure concentration of testosterone and specific gravity

27. Drug Testing Problems Detection of substances that occur naturally in the body is difficult. Also must set standards of sensitivity to accommodate these levels. Testosterone / epitestosterone ratio of 6:1 is standard guide but higher ration can occur naturally in 2-3% of population. Baseball, NHL, NBA do not ban their use. IOC, NCAA, NFL do ban use.

28. Androgens & GH Releasers

29. History Through 1980s the medical establishment concluded use of these agents (androgens) does not cause an increase in muscle bulk, strength, or athletic performance. Athletes knew better Bhasin (1996) study found 600 mg. / week of testosterone ethanthate increased triceps and quadriceps size in non-exercising group as well as exercise group. No changes in mood, behavior or cardiac indicators (HDL, LDL, triglycerides)

30. Prohormones Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990 made use of agents a federal offense.. however.. DSHEA labeled prohormones as a nutritional supplement. Compounds that are precursors to testosterone and readily convert, based on their proximity in the metabolic pathway.

31. Testosterone Androstenedione / Androstenediol ^^ DHEA ^^ 17-OH-pregnenolone ^^ Pregnenolone ^^ cholesterol ^^

32. Questions That Need Answers Does compound survive digestion? Does compound appearing in blood convert to the active compound? Are there downstream effects? Do metabolic byproducts appear in the urine in a form identical to banned substances? Does supplement have the claimed effects?

33. Androstenedione / Androstenediol Made famous by Mark McGuire Earnest (2000), Ziegenfuss (1998, 1999) found androgens converted to higher levels of serum testosterone in males. Effects on body composition only seen after 450 mg. sublinqual dose, 3-4 weeks. Mahesh & Greenblat found 100 mg. androgens increased testosterone levels in women. Also found elevated estradiol & estrone levels & decreased HDL levels in untrained males.

34. Androstenedione Natural substance – produced in adrenal glands Nutritional supplement Anabolic effects, increase energy, enhance recovery

35. 19-Norandrostenedione 19-Norandrostenediol Gammeren, et. Al, found 100 mg. Of N-dione and 56 mg. Of N-diol had no effects on body composition or strength. Studies have shown 10 micrograms will cause + urine tests (intense training can increase concentration in urine so there can be combined effect in athletes). 50 mg. Dose can be detected for 7-10 days after ingestion

36. DHEA Brown, et. al, found 50 mg dose increased androstenedione concentrations by 150% within 60 minutes of ingestion. 150 mg./day for 8 weeks increased serum androstenedione but had no effect on serum levels of testosterone. No difference in strength gains between groups

37. DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) Natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands converted to testosterone – anabolic effects Medicinal uses – heart disease, obesity, diabetes, amount in body decreases w/age Masking agent – normalizes T/E ratio Available as a supplement

38. Delta 5 Metabolites All studies probe these metabolites double or triple urinary testosterone & epitestosterone ratio a few hours after ingestion.

39. Conclusions Effects on lean muscle mass and strength have not been reproduced in studies. Some evidence of impaired lipid metabolism. Ingestion at levels below 300 mg. Do not lead to strength or performance gains. More studies needed at higher doses, with trained subjects & longer durations.

40. Human Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) Hormone secreted from pituitary gland Effects stimulate protein synthesis stimulate growth increase muscle mass increase strength of muscles, tendons, etc

41. Human Growth Hormone Adverse effects acromegaly - large hands & feet abnormal shaped head increase size of heart, liver, kidneys increase cholesterol Alternative to steroids cheaper harder to detect

42. Growth Hormone Enhancers Amino acids (Aa) have been used to increase circulating growth hormone (GH) concentrations. Strength training increases GH serum concentrations so looking for synergistic effect. Most common Aa used are arginine, lysine & ornithine

43. Studies of Aa effects Many studies confirm increased GH concentrations after ingestion of arginine & lysine. Effects are modified by training level, sex, diet and age. High levels produce stomach cramps & diarrhea Women have greater response. People on high protein levels (1.7-2.2 g/kg day) have less effects Ingestion right before exercise blunts absorption

44. Peptide Secretagogues Being developed and studied as compounds that stimulate secretion of endogenous GH. Studies have all been done on GH deficient patients. No reports of athletes using them but doesnt mean there isnt illegal use.

45. Other GH Releasing Agents Clonidine, L-dopa & methylphenidate have been shown to induce GH release. L-dopa most commonly used by athletes but no studies have been done on effectiveness but does induce nausea & vomiting.