ALYSSA HASEGAWA HEY-RIM YOO Case Study Iraq 2003

Outline 1. Introduction Historical Background Key points & Important Events Actions Taken By the International Community Failure & Lessons 3. Conclusion The Significance of Iraq 2003 Case Current Situations and Issues

Historical Background

Saddam Hussein 5 th President of Iraq July 17 Revolution ⇒ Establishment of Baathist government He order the invasion of Kuwait in 1990 ⇒ Gulf War Convicted on charges of killing 148 Iraqi Shiites (April 28, 1937 ~ December 30, 2006)

Key Event of Iraq 2003 September 11, 2001 Terror attack on the World Trade Center George W. Bush took this action as an aggression of “terror” Osama bin Laden and Saddam Hussein were primary targets

Important Events State of Union Speech by President Bush (January 29, 2002)  UN Blockages Iraq (May 14,2002) U.S. Congress authorize use of military in Iraq (October 2002)

Important Events (2) May 19, 2003  President Bush proclaim “invasion” on Iraq  May 20, 2003  First skirmish between American and Iraqi forces confirmed, and air raid started in Bagdad

International Reaction US ⇒① Osama bin Laden(Iraq strong connection to Al Qaeda lead to attack on Afghanistan) ② Saddam Hussein violence towards its people ③ Disarm of Iraq`s WMDs UK ⇒① Disarm Iraqi forces ② Giving sanctions to people violated by Saddam Hussein UN ⇒ Disarmament of Saddam Hussein All on the same opinion of Saddam Hussein

Actions Taken By the International Community

UN-led Resolutions Resolution 1441 (November 8, 2002) US-led Resolutions Operation Enduring Freedom (October 7, 2001) Operation Iraqi Freedom (May 20,2003) Operation New Dawn (September 2010)

Resolution 1441 Final opportunity to comply with disarmament obligations (November 8, 2002) Ceasefire under the term of Resolution 687  Anti WMD and prohibition of missiles and armaments Coalition of the willing (US led invasion of Iraq) This was voted unanimously

Operation Enduring Freedom Reaction to September 11 attack on World Trade Center War in Afghanistan by the U.S. government under the Global “War on Terror” Aerial bombing on Taliban forces and al-Qaeda US causalities ⇒ service men & 3 civilians Afghanistan civilian death ⇒ 1,000~3,000

Operation Iraqi Freedom Reaction to Iraq rejection to UN`s Resolution 1441 by the US (May 20,2003~May 1, 2003) Deployed 255,000 U.S., 45,000 British, 2,000 Australian, and 200 Polish troops 49 countries participated (ex. UK, Japan, and South Korea had their coalition force) US causalities ⇒ 4,409 service men & 13 civilians Iraqi civilian death ⇒ over 55,000

Failures & Lesson

Broad interpretation of UN Resolutions Failure of Saddam Hussein to comply with the Resolutions Failure of the international society and organizations to prevent U.S. and its coalition from invading Iraq Failure of U.S. to accept the majority opinion of the international society Failures of the International Society

Iraq Invasion of 2003 Supreme Humanitarian EmergencyX Last ResortX ProportionalityX Positive Humanitarian Outcome (short) X/ △ (long)X Humanitarian motivesX Humanitarian justificationX LegalityX SelectivityX Evaluation

Supreme Humanitarian Emergency Human rights record of Iraq in 2003 did not constitute a supreme humanitarian emergency In reality, there were much more civilian deaths after the coalition’s invasion in 2003

Last Resort Economic sanctions Criminal prosecution More thorough inspection from IAEA Pressure from surrounding states (Saddam Hussein’s enemies)

Proportionality As the invasion wasn’t intended for humanitarian reasons, the coalition failed to deploy troops trained in policing Civilian deaths by bombing, cross-firing etc.

Positive Humanitarian Outcome Short  Released the Iraqi people from Saddam Hussein ( △ )  But there was no prospect for positive humanitarian outcome since the invasion wasn’t intended for humanitarian reasons Long  Total failure in rebuilding phase  Lack of police troops  Lack of support from the international society

Humanitarian Motives The coalition started focusing on “humanitarian” reasons only after they found out that there were no WMDs in Iraq

Humanitarian Justification Kenneth Roth in War in Iraq: Not a humanitarian intervention  ‘Better late than never’ is not a justification for humanitarian intervention, which should be countenanced only to stop mass murder, not to punish its perpetrators, desirable as punishment is in such circumstances.

Legality Reinterpretation of UN Resolutions by US and UK  UK: War with Iraq was legal because it was authorized by the Security Council under Resolution 1441 due to Iraq’s breach of Resolution 678  Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter Demands that Iraq comply fully with resolution… and decides, while maintaining all its decisions, to allow Iraq one final opportunity…  … a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations under relevant resolutions of the Council  US: Legitimate based on ‘preemptive’ self-defense  … given the goals of rogue states and terrorists, the United States can no longer solely rely on a reactive posture as we have in the past. The inability to deter a potential attacker, the immediacy of today’s threat, and the magnitude of potential harm that could be caused by our adversaries, choice of weapons, do not permit that option. We cannot let our enemies strike first.

Selectivity Why not back then?  Oil  Geopolitical reasons

Current Situation of Iraq U.S. army completely withdrew from Iraq by December 2011 Current President of Iraq is Jalal Talabani—he is a Kurd

Significance War against Iraq in 2003 was an “invasion” waged by the United States and its coalition members under the name of “humanitarian intervention,” staining/degrading the true value of “humanitarian intervention” as an international norm It ignited a debate on both the humanitarian intervention and the role and power of UN Question on US-led/organized humanitarian intervention

Thank You for Listening!!

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