Unit 1 Chapters. 1 & 13 General and Inquiry Science 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 13.1, 13.2

What is Science? A search of answers to questions about the natural world. observation

What is Biology? Study of life. Bio = life ology = study of To be considered ALIVE : an organism must posses these characteristics: TTake in Energy, Metabolism. GGet rid of Waste. GGrow and Develop. RRespond to their Environment. RReproduce and pass their traits(DNA) onto their offspring. EEvolve (Adapatation) in response to their environment.

3. Organizational levels of life A. A. *Atoms – smallest basic unit of matter. B. B. *Molecules or Compounds – two or more elements. c. *Organelles – structures that perform specific functions.

D. Cells Types of cells Basic unit of structure and function of ALL living organisms Cells Eukaryote multicellular PlantAnimal Prokaryote unicellular Bacteria Contain DNA – chemical responsible for inheritance. DNA contains Genes, which are instructions designed to carry out the function of inheritance.

FYI -

i. Tissues Group of cells that are functionally and structurally similar.

ii. Organs Two of more tissues working together that perform a specific function.

iii. Organ systems Two or more organs working together to perform a specific function.

E. Organisms i. i. Each individual organism is considered a distinct form of life (species) i. i. Organization of similar species = classification

Breakdown of Diversity of life JUST FYI species of bacteria 8600 species of birds 30,000 species of fish 280,000 species of plants 1,000,000 species of insects 1000’s of species of amphibians, reptiles and mammals

F. Populations Individual organisms of the same species living together in the same area.

G. Community Interactions of two or more different populations that inhabit a particular area.

h. Ecosystem Where living and non-living different communities interact within the same area. 2 Two factors associated with ecosystems; Abiotic – nonliving Biotic – living

I. Biomes Regional areas of the world that have similar climates. J. Biosphere Consists of all parts of the biodiversity on earth, including the atmosphere.

4. Diversity of life Life is divided into 2 divisions; Prokaryote or Eukaryote and 3 major domains:

a. Archaea Oldest known organisms on earth –Roughly 3.6 BILLION years ago (3,600,000,000 years ago!) Live in extreme environments Prokayotes - unicellular

b. Bacteria Live in common envoronments Prokaryotic – unicellular –Kingdom Monera Found in the guts of animals, with roots, used as medicine, made into antibiotics

iii. Eukaryotic Multicellular organisms Ex. Animals plants fungi protists

6. Engineering Design Scientific Inquiry a. W hat is scientific inquiry? i.P rocess to find an answer to a problem/observation about the environment in which we live in. ii.S cientific method is a tool.

b. Discovery Science DDDDescribing of natural structures or processes of the natural world through observations and inference ((analysis (data collection). i.O bservation – gathering of information using your senses. ii.I nference – logical conclusion based on observation and evidence. Assumed truth. - can an Inference change? Video:

c. Steps of the Scientific Method i. Observation  Observe an event using our senses.  Research info of the event.

ii. Construct a Hypothesis 1. I t is a prediction of the outcome and should be written as an “If…. Then” statement. TTTThe “If” will become part of your hypothesis TTTThe “Then” should represent the “expected” outcome of the experiment 2. C an be disproved by a single experiment. 3. O nly useful if it can be tested.

iii. Experiment 1. Y ou write out a procedure that will test your hypothesis. 2. D esigned to test the effect of a single variable which is used to eliminate other variables. 3. W hat are Variables in an experiment: Control - a part of the experiment that does not change and is used for comparison. Independent variable – any part of the experiment that is changed by the scientist doing the experiment. Ex. – time (minutes, seconds, hours), dates, depth (meters, feet) a. L abeled on the X-axis or horizontal axis Dependent variable – the part of the experiment that is affected by the independent variable. Ex. This is usually a quantity value abeled on the Y-axis or vertical axis Independent Variable Dependent variable affects

iv. Analysis – (observation)

iv. Analysis con’t TTTTypes of graphs Line – useful for showing changes that occur over TIME, shows relationships between variables Bar – used to show comparisons of a set of measurements, amounts or changes. Circle/Pie - shows how a part of a something relates to the whole. Histogram – number of occurrences that occur during an event

v. Conclusion 1. Explanation is based upon the data collected, explains why your hypothesis is supported or rejected. 2. If the hypothesis is supported. Then it becomes a THEORY. If the hypothesis is not supported, then you must rewrite the hypothesis and retest. a.Theory - widely accepted explanation of natural phenomena, that has stood up to phenomena, that has stood up to thorough and continual testing. thorough and continual testing. b. Law/fact – will always occur under certain conditions. conditions.

7. Animal Behavior  A. Animal behavior  Study of how an animal interacts with its environment.  Circadian rhythm – organisms internal “biological clock”

 B. Environment affects behavior  Animals have programmed into their genetics learned behavior – INNATE BEHAVIOR  FAP – fixed action pattern – animal will complete the action

 C. Learned behavior  Imprinting – learned behavior at a particular age due to sight, vocal or touch of 1 st experience.  Conditioning – stimulus or response linked to a reward or punishment. Pavlov’s conditioning  Insight – ability to respond to a new situation without previous experience.  Ex. Octopus

DD. Homeostasis – process which internal conditions are stable. WWorks by negative feedback – responds to conditions EE. Biotechnology – use and application of living things and biological processes. MMicroorganisms, medicine, agriculture, forensic science, ethics of use EE. Biodiversity – variety of life in biosphere

Observation Hypothesis Experiment Analysis Research Report results

d. Cells 1. Basic unit of structure and function of ALL living organisms. o o Cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope. o o Organisms are divided into unicellular or multicellular organisms. o o Plant and animal cells o o Multicellular organisms have specialized cells that perform specific functions. 2. Contain DNA – chemical responsible for inheritance. DNA contains Genes, which are instructions designed to carry out the function of inheritance.