CHAPTER 18 ATOMS AND ELEMENTS

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Presentation transcript:

CHAPTER 18 ATOMS AND ELEMENTS Section 18.1 Atomic Structure

touch see hear taste smell All matter is formed from atoms, either by themselves or combined in molecules. Everything that you… touch see hear taste smell

Atoms are tiny. A dust speck has many more atoms than that. 100 trillion atoms are in one body cell. A dust speck has many more atoms than that.

What do you find when you break apart an atom? Most atoms contain three subatomic particles: Protons Neutrons Electrons

Atom’s nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Electrons move in space around the nucleus.

Electron’s exact location can’t be determined at any one time Electron’s exact location can’t be determined at any one time. Shaded area around outside of atom represents places electrons might be.

Subatomic particles have charge and mass. Mass (amu) Electron negative 1/1840 Proton positive 1 Neutron neutral

How big are atoms?

Greek philosophers proposed an atomic theory around 400 BC. Atomic theory states that all matter is made of tiny particles called atoms.

Democritus (Greek philosopher) proposed that matter is made of small particles called atoms, from the Greek word atomos, meaning indivisible.

John Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808) 1. Elements made of atoms. 2. Atoms of given element are identical. 3. Atoms of different elements are different. 4. Atoms not changed by chemical reactions.

Dalton’s Model, cont. 5. Compounds formed by joining elements. 6. Compounds defined by number, type, and proportion of atoms. “Billard ball” model

Joseph John Thompson (1904) - discovered electrons (negative charge). - knew that atoms were neutral, so proposed that the atom was positive sphere with negative electrons embedded in it.

Thomson’s model “Watermelon” or “plum pudding” model

-hypothesized that atoms are mostly empty space. Ernest Rutherford (1911) -conducted gold foil experiment. -hypothesized that atoms are mostly empty space. -suggested that center had a tiny core called a nucleus.

Niels Bohr (1885-1962) conducted experiments to update Rutherford’s model.

Bohr model, cont. -Said that electrons move around the nucleus in fixed orbits that have a set amount of energy. “Planetary” model

James Chadwick (1932) Discovered neutron

Electron cloud model Current model of the atom. Cloud represents probable location of an electron.