Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 PowerPoint Presentations to Accompany AP ed. Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Ann L. Weber Craig W. Gruber Prepared by David Lundberg-Kenrick This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images Any rental, lease or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-131-73180-7 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Introduction and History of Psychology Chapter 1 Introduction and History of Psychology This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.  The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-37181-7 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 True or False? Many things that happen to us leave no record in memory True: Most of the information around us never reaches memory, and what does reach memory often gets distorted Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 4

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 True or False? You are born with all the brain cells you will ever have False: Recent research shows that some parts of the brain continue producing new cells throughout life Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 5

True or False? Both center patches are the same shade of gray Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 True or False? Intelligence is a purely genetic trait that does not change throughout a person’s life False: Intelligence is the result of both heredity and environment, and may change throughout your life Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 6

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 True or False? The most common form of mental disorder occurs in 30% of the population True: Depression, the single most common disorder, may affect up to a third of the population at some point in their lives Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 7

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 True or False? Repeated exposure to the same face leads us to like it less False: Familiar people (and their faces) are generally liked more than less familiar people Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 7

What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not? Psychology is a broad field, with many specialties, but fundamentally, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not? Psychology – The scientific study of behavior and mental processes Psychology is not Mere speculation about human nature A body of folk wisdom about people that “everybody knows” to be true Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 8

What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not? Psychology disputes unfounded claims from pseudopsychology Pseudopsychology – Erroneous assertions of practices set forth as being scientific psychology Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 18

What Do Psychologists Do? Psychology is a broad field with many specialties, grouped in three major categories: experimental psychology, teaching of psychology and applied psychology Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

What Do Psychologists Do? Experimental psychologists Conduct most research across psychological spectrum May work in private industry or for the government Often teach at college or university Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 18

What Do Psychologists Do? Applied psychologists Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems I/O Sports Engineering School Rehabilitation Counseling Clinical Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 18

What Are Psychology’s Historical Roots? Modern psychology developed from several conflicting traditions, including structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up mind and thought Tradition Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up mind and thought Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Psychoanalysis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 28

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Tradition Structuralism Believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function Functionalism Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Psychoanalysis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 28

Interested in how we construct “perceptual wholes” Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Interested in how we construct “perceptual wholes” Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Psychoanalysis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 28

Argued psychology should deal solely with observable events Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Argued psychology should deal solely with observable events Behaviorism Psychoanalysis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 28

Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind Psychoanalysis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 28

What are the Perspectives Psychologists Use Today? Seven main perspectives characterize modern psychology: the biological, developmental, cognitive, clinical, behavioral, trait, and socio-cultural views Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Nine Modern Perspectives of Psychology Biological Developmental Cognitive Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavioral Sociocultural Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Trait Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 28

Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Perspective View of Human Nature: We are complex systems that respond to hereditary and environmental influences Biological Developmental Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Neural structures, biochemistry, and inborn responses to external cues Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavioral Sociocultural Question for Study: How do heredity, the nervous system, and the endocrine system produce behavior and mental processes? Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Trait Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 28

Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Perspective View of Human Nature: We undergo predictable patterns of change throughout our lives Biological Developmental What Determines Behavior: Interaction between heredity and environment Cognitive Psychodynamic Humanistic Questions for Study: What are the patterns that characterize developmental change? What are the genetic and environmental influences underlying these patterns? Behavioral Sociocultural Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Trait Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 29

Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Perspective Biological View of Human Nature: People are information-processing systems Developmental Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Mental interpretation of our experience Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavioral Question for Study: How do mental processes, including sensation, perception, learning, memory, and language, influence behavior? Sociocultural Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Trait Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 30

Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Perspective Biological View of Human Nature: We are driven by dark forces of the unconscious Developmental Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, and childhood experiences Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavioral Question for Study: How does the energy generated in the unconscious mind motivate our actions and account for mental disorders? Sociocultural Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Trait Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 31

Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Perspective Biological View of Human Nature: Emphasizes human growth and potential Developmental Cognitive What Determines Behavior: The influence of self-concept, perceptions, and interpersonal relationships, and on need for personal growth Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavioral Sociocultural Question for Study: How can humanistic theory be applied to enhance mental health through counseling and therapy? Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Trait Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 31

Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Perspective Biological View of Human Nature: Behavior is primarily shaped by learning Developmental Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Stimulus cues and our history of rewards and punishments Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavioral Questions for Study: What are the “laws” that associate our responses with stimulus conditions? How can they be applied to improve the human condition? Sociocultural Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Trait Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 33

Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Perspective View of Human Nature: People are social animals, so human behavior must be interpreted in social context Biological Developmental Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning Psychodynamic Humanistic Questions for Study: Under what conditions is the social and cultural situation predictive of behavior? How are social influences different across cultures? Behavioral Sociocultural Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Trait Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 34

Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Perspective Biological Developmental Cognitive View of Human Nature: Behavior is developed and adapted over time Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavioral What Determines Behavior: Natural selection Sociocultural Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Question for Study: How do behavior and individual differences develop and change? Trait Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 34

Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Perspective View of Human Nature: Individual differences result from differences in our underlying patterns of stable characteristics Biological Developmental Cognitive Psychodynamic What Determines Behavior: Each person’s unique combination of traits Humanistic Behavioral Question for Study: How many fundamental traits are there? How can we use trait patterns to predict behavior? Sociocultural Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Trait Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 34

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 End of Chapter 1 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 27