REVIEW Nutrition & Transport

1. Explain what a food label tells you. The nutritional facts found in processed foods.

2. Identify the following information for the food to the left. a. Serving size b. Total carbohydrates c. Calories d. Protein 3. How many calories would you consume if you ate 2 servings of these crackers? 2 crackers 10g 60 2g 120 calories

4. Identify each structure labeled in the diagram. oral cavity stomach pancreas small intestine rectum gall bladder large intestine

5. Where does protein digestion begin? 6. What is the function of F? 7. Where are nutrients absorbed into the blood? In the stomach Absorb water In the small intestine

8. What does C produce? Where does it go? 9. What is the function of G? 10 Chemical digestion is completed in this structure. 11. What type of digestion occurs in A? Pancreatic juice Goes to the small intestine store bile small intestine mechanical and chemical

12. What is the name of this process? What is its function? 13. Where in the digestive tract does this process occur? peristalsis To push food through the digestive tract esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

14. What is structure F? What is the function of this substance? 15. Identify structure B. What kind of digestion occurs here? 16. What is the function of structure A? liver to produce bile stomach The esophagus pushes food down into the stomach using peristalsis. chemical digestion

17. Through which of these structures does food pass? 18. Which organs are not part of the gastrovascular tract? How do they aid in digestion? Esophagus (A) Stomach (B) Small intestine (D) Liver (F) – produces bile that goes to the SI Gall bladder (E) – stores bile Pancreas (C) – releases pancreatic juice into SI

19. Describe the role of the small intestine in digestion. Where most chemical digestion occurs Where chemical digestion is completed Lined with VILLI which absorb nutrients into the blood

20. Identify the labeled organs. A - mouth B - Esophagus C – Stomach D – Pancreas E - Large intestine F - Appendix G - Small intestine H – Gall bladder I - Liver

21. Through what organs does food pass? (in order) mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus

22. Where excess water reabsorbed? 23. What occurs in structure G? 24. What does I produce? Where does it go? 25. This is where chemical digestion begins. 26. This is where chemical digestion ends. Large intestine Villi absorb nutrients into blood Bile – into small intestine mouth Small intestine/duodenum

27. Identify organs where there is no digestion occurring. Esophagus Liver Salivary glands Pancreas Glass bladder

28. Which part of the human blood: a. is the most numerous? b. contains a nucleus? c. is produced in the bone marrow? d. consists mainly of water? wbc’s rbc’s rbc’s, wbc’s, platelets plasma

Y Z 29. Identify structures X, Y, and Z. red blood cell white blood cell platelet

30. Which activity is not a function of white blood cells in response to an invasion of the body by bacteria? 1.engulfing these bacteria 2.producing antibodies to act against this type of bacteria 3.preparing for future invasions of this type of bacteria 4.speeding transmissions of nerve impulses to detect these bacteria

31. Explain the difference between arteries and veins. Arteries carry blood AWAY from heart. Veins carry blood to the heart. Arteries are larger, more muscular and elastic than veins. Arteries carry blood under higher pressure than veins. Veins have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Arteries do not have valves.

32. Explain what occurs in capillaries and why. The exchange or diffusion of substances into or out of the capillary. Capillaries are extremely small and have a VERY thin lining that allows for diffusion to occur.

O2O2 glucose O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 CO 2 33.The diagram represents a capillary near some cells. a. Identify the substances diffusing out of the capillary and into cells. b. Identify the substances diffusing out of cells into the capillary.

left ventricle right ventricle left atrium right atrium 34. Identify the structures below. aorta Upper vena cava Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

35. When blood passes through the heart from the left atrium (D) to the left ventricle (E), it must first pass through a valve

36. Explain the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical is a physical breakdown, while chemical digestion breaks down complex molecules into more simple molecules using enzymes.

37. Where does mechanical digestion begin? How? Mouth – teeth grind up food 38. Where does chemical digestion begin? How? Mouth – ptyalin in saliva starts to chemically break down starches into sugar 39. Where does chemical digestion end? Duodenum (small intestine)

40. Where does most chemical digestion occur? Duodenum (small intestine) 41. Where and how are nutrients absorbed once food has been completely broken down. They are absorbed in the villi of the small intestine by diffusion.

42. Identify the digestive organ described. a. Where the digestion of protein begins. stomach b. Where mechanical digestion begins. mouth c. Site of water absorption. Large intestine d. All chemical digestion is completed here. Duodenum (SI)

42. Identify the digestive organ described. e. Where the breakdown of starch begins. mouth f. Where bile is stored. Gall bladder g. Releases many enzymes into the SI. pancreas

42. Identify the digestive organ described. h. Pushes food into the stomach. esophagus i. Where the absorption of nutrients occurs. Small intestine j. Lining is protected by a mucus layer. stomach

43. How is energy measured in food? calories 44. Identify the 6 types of nutrients. Carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water

45. The main function of the human digestive system is to (1) break down foods for absorption into the blood (2) exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs (3) release energy from sugars within the cells (4) carry nutrients to all parts of the body 46. Nutrients from digested food enter the blood stream through the process of (1) absorption (3) respiration (2) elimination (4) secretion 47. Which substance provides humans with their main source of energy? (1) food (2) carbon dioxide (3) water (4) chlorophyll

48. Describe the function of plasma. Transports materials (blood cells, hormones, wastes…) 49. Describe the function and shape of red blood cells. Disc shaped, no nucleus, carries oxygen & carbon dioxide

50. What do red blood cells contain? Hemoglobin (red protein that allows them to carry oxygen)

51. Identify the part of blood being described. a. Most numerous blood cell. Red blood cells b. Carries enzymes. plasma c. Involved in blood clotting. platelets d. Carries oxygen. Red blood cells

51. Identify the part of blood being described. e. Largest blood cell. White blood cells f. Made up of 90% water. plasma g. Involved in blood clotting. platelets h. Protect the body against disease. White blood cells i. Carries hormones. plasma

52. What component of blood is important in healing wounds on the skin? a. red blood cells b. urea c. platelets d. white blood cells

53. What is a pickup function of blood? a.picks up urine from the bladder b.picks up undigested food from the large intestine c.picks up carbon dioxide from the air in the lungs d.picks up carbon dioxide waste from cells.

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Arteries Capillaries Veins 57. Identify the blood vessels below:

58. Identify the blood vessel described. a. Carry blood towards the heart. veins b. Thickest blood vessel. arteries c. Where the diffusion of substances occurs. capillaries d. Contain valves. veins

58. Identify the blood vessel described. e. Blood vessel used when measuring pulse rate. arteries f. Thinnest blood vessel capillaries g. Blood flows through with a lot of pressure. arteries h. Very elastic. arteries

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60. Explain the function of the circulatory system. Transport materials through the body 61. Describe the four chambers of the heart. right atrium & right ventricle – pump deoxygenated blood from cells to lungs Left atrium & left ventricle – pump oxygenated blood from lungs to cells 62. Explain the importance of valves in the heart. Prevent blood from moving backwards 63. Why is the septum so important? Prevents blood in right and left sides from mixing

64. Where is deoxygenated blood pumped to? The lungs 65. Where is oxygenated blood pumped to? To body cells 66. Identify the largest artery in the body. Where does it pump blood to? Oxygenated or deoxygenated? Aorta, to all body cells, oxygenated

67.Identify the part of the heart being described. a. Chamber that receives oxygenated blood. Left atrium b. Wall that separates the right and left side of the heart. septum c. Chamber that pumps out deoxygenated blood. Right ventricle

67. Identify the part of the heart being described. d. Chamber that receives deoxygenated blood. Right atrium e. Prevents the backflow of blood between atria and ventricles. valves f. Chamber that pulps out oxygenated blood. Left ventricles

Lower vena cava upper vena cava Left ventricle Right ventricle Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery aorta Pulmonary artery 68 Pulmonary artery

Salivary gland esophagus stomach duodenum pancreas Small intestine rectum mouth epiglottis liver Gall bladder Large intestine appendix 69