What happens after the Byzantines? CH 18

3 societies Ottomans Safavids Muhgals

Ottomans Ghazis- Islamic warriors Most successful was Osman- followers were Ottomans ( ) Gunpowder & cannons Devshirme took boys from their families, educated them, converted them to Islam and trained them to be soldiers Simplified taxation reduced bureaucracy Freedom of worship in millets but still had to report to sultan Ottoman Expansion halted in 1400’s (Timur The Lame) Resumed under Suleiman, reached its Height, then slowly crumbled after the death Suleiman (Paranoia)

Ottomans: Were kind to those they conquered Were tolerant of other religions: especially Christians and Jews This was to keep peace among the people and conflict to a minimum However it probably set up the framework of modern ethnic conflicts in the area Ruled by appointed officials Muslims had to serve in army but did not pay a tax Non-Muslims had to serve and pay a tax

Safavids Persecuted by the Ottomans, the Shi’a sect of Islam were forced out. Caught in between two populations (the Ottomans and Uzbek), The Safavids concentrated their efforts on their Military. The Safavid Military (nicknamed redheads) becomes very powerful, starts dominating the region. The dynasty begins to decline after the death of Shah Abbas (Paranoia)

Mughals Babur’s (descendant of Ghengis Khan) army defeated many and laid groundwork for new empire. Mughals were Muslims Akbar- Babur’s grandson; means “Great One” Conquered Northern India Religious toleration Shah Jahan- Akbar’s grandson Taj Mahal- tomb built for his wife Mughals fell to invaders and fell apart in 1857

Mughals India had been through a rough 600 years of turmoil Babur: 11 year old ruler Strong militaristic leader, but sensitive His sensitivity made him an effective leader with his troops He began the restoration of India Akbar: Babur’s grandson Defended religious tolerance Was a humanitarian Militaristic Welcomed influences from many cultures Arts, literature and architectural advancements soared

Jahangir The fourth Mughal Emperor who ruled from 1605 until his death in The son of Akbar the Great The Grandfather of Shah Jahan Was fascinated with art, science and, architecture Was a relatively weak ruler Significance (Important) Under Jahangir the political landscape of the Mughal empire was forever altered. His weak leadership allowed his wife to take control of an empire. The altercation he had with his son (Khusrau) led to a failed rebellion where the Sikhs eventually became the main target of Mughal rage after they Sheltered Khusrau.