Endocrine and Metabolic Systems Chapter 6

Objectives Identify and discuss the organs of the endocrine and metabolic systems and their function(s) Identify and discuss the organs of the endocrine and metabolic systems and their function(s) Discuss common illnesses involving the endocrine and metabolic systems Discuss common illnesses involving the endocrine and metabolic systems  signs & symptoms  management

Glands of the Endocrine System Pituitary-hypothalamus Pituitary-hypothalamus Pituitary Pituitary Thyroid Thyroid Parathyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Adrenal Pancreas Pancreas Testes Testes Ovaries Ovaries

Endocrine System The endocrine glands secrete hormones The endocrine glands secrete hormones  regulate the organ systems within the body  inhibit or stimulate the release of additional hormones Collectively these hormones work to maintain homeostasis Collectively these hormones work to maintain homeostasis

Endocrine System Once a hormone is secreted, it travels through the blood to the target cells designed to receive its message Once a hormone is secreted, it travels through the blood to the target cells designed to receive its message Along the way, hormones bind to specific proteins, which act as carriers Along the way, hormones bind to specific proteins, which act as carriers The carriers regulate the amount of hormone available to the target cells The carriers regulate the amount of hormone available to the target cells

Endocrine System The target cells have receptors that will only communicate with specific hormones The target cells have receptors that will only communicate with specific hormones When the hormones reach the target cells, they latch onto the receptors When the hormones reach the target cells, they latch onto the receptors The hormone-receptor connection transmits chemical instructions to the inner working of the cell The hormone-receptor connection transmits chemical instructions to the inner working of the cell

Pituitary Secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)  Works to regulate thyroid function Secretes luteinizing hormone Secretes luteinizing hormone  Stimulates ovulation  Stimulates release of testosterone

Pituitary (cont.) Secretes follicle-stimulating hormone Secretes follicle-stimulating hormone  Increases estrogen release in females  Increases sperm production in males Secretes antidiuretic hormone Secretes antidiuretic hormone  Stimulates the kidneys to absorb water Secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone Secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone  Stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol

Thyroid Secretes thyroid hormone (T 4 and T 3 ) Secretes thyroid hormone (T 4 and T 3 )  Designed to increase metabolism

Adrenal Glands One on top of each kidney One on top of each kidney Each made up of an inner & outer portion Each made up of an inner & outer portion

Adrenal Glands Outer portion (adrenal cortex) Outer portion (adrenal cortex)  Secretes corticosteroids  aldosterone  Cortisol  Influences or regulates  Fluid balance  Immune system  Response to stress  Sexual development & function

Adrenal Glands Inner portion (adrenal medulla) Inner portion (adrenal medulla)  Secretes catecholamines  Epinephrine  Norepinephrine  Increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body responds to stress

Glands of the Endocrine System Pancreas Pancreas  Secretes  Insulin  Glucagon  Works to maintain steady levels of glucose in the blood  Maintain stores of energy  Keeps the body supplied with fuel

Glands of the Endocrine System Ovaries Ovaries  Secretes  estrogen  progesterone  Regulates menstrual cycle  Produces secondary female sex characteristics

Glands of the Endocrine System Testes Testes  Secretes  testosterone  Produces secondary male sex characteristics  Regulates sperm production characteristics  Involved in protein synthesis

General Signs & Symptoms Changes in skin color, texture, or appearance Changes in skin color, texture, or appearance Hyperhydrosis/diaphoresis Hyperhydrosis/diaphoresis Body/breath odor Body/breath odor Polydipsia/polyuria Polydipsia/polyuria Arthralgia/myalgia Arthralgia/myalgia Amenorrhea/impotence Amenorrhea/impotence

General Signs & Symptoms (cont.) Confusion or change in mental function Confusion or change in mental function Paresthesia Paresthesia Edema/pitting edema Edema/pitting edema Polyphagia Polyphagia Postural (orthostatic) hypertension Postural (orthostatic) hypertension Lethargy & fatigue Lethargy & fatigue

Common Pathology of the Endocrine System Diabetes Diabetes  Type I  Type II Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism Adrenal insufficiency Adrenal insufficiency Growth hormone problems Growth hormone problems

Questions?