Honors Biology Chapter 7 Section 2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure SC B -2.2: Summarize the structures & functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell(including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, and cytoplasm

Cytoplasm Portion of the cell including everything inside cell membrane except nucleus Cytosol: liquid portion of cytoplasm

NUCLEUS Nucleolus Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Pores Contains DNA with its coded instructions for making proteins so is the “control center” most prominent structure seen with light microscope Parts: Nucleolus Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Pores

NUCLEUS Nucleolus Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Pores dense region in nucleus produces subunits of ribosomes Nuclear Envelope dbl membrane surrounding nucleus Outer layer contiguous with ER Nuclear Pores holes thru envelope substances enter/leave nucleus thru these pores

DNA in NUCLEUS chromatin: DNA bound to proteins (called histones) Chromatin condenses into chromosomes when cell starts cell division

RIBOSOMES assembly site for proteins 2 subunits Small Large made separately in nucleolus  exit nucleus thru nuclear pores  join when making proteins

RIBOSOMES Considering the function of ribosomes…. What types of cells do you think would have an abundance of ribosomes in them?

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Internal membrane system 2 types: Smooth ER (SER) Rough ER (RER)

SER make membranes for detoxifies cell membrane other organs drugs alcohol poisons

SER So… considering the functions of SER……what types of cells can you predict might have an abundance of SER?

RER “rough” because outer membrane is studded with ribosomes proteins made & released into RER where they are modified (sugar groups added making a glycoprotein) most of proteins made here are destined for export out of cell

RER What type of cell do you think would have lots of RER?

GOLGI APPARATUS stack of curved membranes usually found between ER and cell membrane Function: modify, sort, & package material received from ER  storage in cell or export out of cell

GOLGI

GOLGI In what types of cells do you think there would be an abundance of Golgi bodies?

LYSOSOMES membrane bound vesicle that has enzymes inside Function: breakdown of macromolecules into smaller molecules which are then recycled in cytoplasm Where do these macromolecules come from?

Lysosomes worn out organelles engulfed bacteria or cell debris Where do lysosomes get the macromolecules? worn out organelles engulfed bacteria or cell debris

VACUOLES membrane bounded storage facility Protists (one-celled organisms) put food particles in a food vacuole until need the nutrients plant cells have distinctive large central vacuole that stores water and some nutrients and helps plant maintain turgor when all cells have a filled central vacuole

Vacuoles

Food Vacuole

MITOCHONDRIA intermembrane space cristae : folds of inner membrane convert chemical energy in sugars ATP (high energy molecule that temporarily stores energy in form cells can use) = cellular respiration dbl membrane intermembrane space cristae : folds of inner membrane matrix: inside folds of cristae has own DNA (maternal) & divides on own

Mitochondria

Mitochondria

CHLOROPLASTS intermembrane space in plant cells capture energy in sunlight chemical energy (photosynthesis) dbl membrane intermembrane space inner membrane folds into thylakoid discs stack of discs = granum space around grana = stroma contain chlorophyll + DNA & divides on own

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts

CYTOSKELETON movement of organelles & chromosomes Function: internal structure & support movement of organelles & chromosomes anchors organelles and cells Made of proteins 3 types: microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules

MICROFILAMENTS made of actin supports cell shape used by protist for movement http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter4/animation_-_cytoplasmic_streaming.html

Microfilaments

Intermediate Filaments used to move organelles around cytoplasm

MICROTUBULES largest, strongest shaped like hollow straws with units that spontaneously come together or fall apart used to move organelles, chromosomes made in centrosomes

CELL ANALOGY Eukaryotic cells are like a city: each part has a job to be done Nucleus : mayor Mitochondria: power plant Lysosomes: city dump and recycling center SER: hospital Golgi: UPS store Cytoskeleton: roads & bridges Cell Membrane: border patrol @ city limits