Chapter VIII. Human Geography Notebook pp  Focus: the mutual influence of people and the Planet  In other words, how do we get from this… …to this?

A. Demographic Transition Model [p ]  The theory: every society will go through 4 periods of development [p. 193]: Stage 1/A: Pre-transition -high birth rates, high death rates i.e., low development Stage 2/B: Early Transition -high birth rates, lower death rates i.e., start of development

Stage 4/D: Post Transition -low birth rates, low death rates i.e., society developed Stage 3/C: Full Transition -declining birth rates, low death rates i.e., development in progress Stage 5/E: Unknown Future? - birth rates below death rates i.e., where do we go now?  How do we know which country is in which of these stages? We use data from population pyramids.

B. Population Pyramids [pp ]  This is how we can analyse a nation’s progress in development.

1. Early Expanding/Pre-Transition High birth rates—lots of sex = lots of babies High death rates—not many of these babies last Disease, malnutrition, low life expectancy

2. Expanding/Early Transition High birth rates—still lots of sex = lots of babies Lower death rates— more of these babies lasting into adulthood Improved health care, hygene, diet

3. Stable/Full Transition Lower birth rates— still lots of sex = not as many babies Low death rates— more of these babies lasting into old age Low disease, women working, birth control

4. Contracting/Post Transition??? Very low birth rates— still lots of sex = few babies Very low death rates— many surviving into old age Many kids and old surviving—high dependency ratio…what next?

C. Factors in development 1. PGR—Population Growth Rate [p. 192] = (Immigration- Emmigration) + Birth Rate - Death Rate i.e., how fast is the population growing?

2. Standard of Living [pp ]  What makes a country livable? a) Life Expectancy: how many years will the average person live? Antonio Todde died at age 112 b) Literacy Rates: ability to read and write effectively c) GDP/Gross Domestic Product: total of all goods and services produced

D. Challenges to development 1. Environmental concerns [text pp ] a) Global Warming & the Greenhouse effect [pp ] b) Ozone depletion pp

2. Dependency Ratio [text p. 197]: how many are too old or too young to support themselves i.e., under 15 & over 64 Dependents Working Age

Chapter VII. Québec and Aboriginal Issues Notebook pp A. Québec  The problem: you have a French minority governed by an English majority. Battle of the Plains of AbrahamRebellions of 1837 Hanging of Louis Riel  In the 20 th century, some decided to do something drastic.

1. The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s [text pp ] Québec became secularized and urban instead of Catholic and rural, which made them more nationalistic. 1967: At Expo 67, French President Charles de Gaulle’s “Vive le Québec libre!” furthered this thought. 1969: Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau signs the Official Languages Act, making both French and English the official languages.

 Some decided to take this further and make Québec an independent nation. 2. The FLQ crisis [text pp ] The Front de Libération du Québec was a separatist group ready to use violence to get independence October 1970: British Trade Commissioner James Cross and Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte were kidnapped for a prisoner exchange.

The October Crisis of 1970: Laporte’s murdered body was found on Oct. 17 th. Cross’ release was negotiated, but still Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act and suspends civil liberties: “Just watch me!”

3. Legislative Attempts [text pp ] Bill 22, 1974: French the official language of Québec Parti Québécois (PQ) founded as party of separation Bill 101, 1977: restrictions of English in Québec  The Supreme Court in 1989 ruled this law unconstitutional, but the Provincial Government used the 5 years of the Notwithstanding Clause [pp. 19 & 175]

4. Federal Intervention [text pp ] Referendum of 1980— independence of Québec: 60% voted no [text p. 175] Constitutional Act of 1982— constitution repatriated, but Québec doesn’t sign because of “late night revisions” [text p. 175]

Meech Lake Accord of 1987—PM Brian Mulroney’s failed attempt to redo the Constitution with Québec with the “distinct society” clause [text pp ] Charlottetown Accord of 1992— PM Brian Mulroney’s other failed attempt to redo the Constitution with Québec with the “distinct society” clause and a “Canada Clause” of Canadian values [text pp. 176]

Bloc Québécois (BQ) founded as the federal party of separation in 1993 Referendum of 1995—independence of Québec: 50.6% voted no [text p. 175] Where do Québec and Canada go from here?

B. The Aboriginal Issue [text pp ]  The problem: you have an even smaller Native minority governed by an Caucasian majority that wants to assimilate it. 1) Attempts to Assimilate Reserve System of 1830 [text p. 180] Indian Act of 1876: residential schools, health care, hunting and fishing rights, and treaty payments in exchange for abandoning their culture [text pp ].

2) Attempt to Reverse Assimilation [text pp ] The White Paper of 1968: government policy to end the reservation system and “special status” for equality and preservation of culture—it was unpopular [text p. 182] National Indian Brotherhood founded in 1969, later the Assembly of First Nations [text p. 182]

Land Claims—which lands belonged to which bands by which treaty? E.g., the Oka Standoff in 1990 [text pp ] Self Government: the recognition of aboriginal communities to make decisions integral to their culture [text pp ] E.g., the Nisga’a Treaty and the formation of Nunavut

Any questions???????