PCR Lab Notes. What does PCR Stand For? Polymerase chain reaction.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Advertisements

How do we know if a population is evolving?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR produces billions of copies of a specific piece of DNA from trace amounts of starting material. (i.e. blood, skin.

DNA Technology & Gene Mapping Biotechnology has led to many advances in science and medicine including the creation of DNA clones via recombinant clones,

Module 12 Human DNA Fingerprinting and Population Genetics p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1.

The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Allele Frequencies in a Population G.H. Hardy English Mathematician Dr. Wilhelm Weinberg German Physician.

Central dogma DNA is made (transcribed) into RNA RNA is made (translated) into protein.

Population Genetics: An introduction Change in Populations & Communities: Population Genetics.

Additional Powerful Molecular Techniques Synthesis of cDNA (complimentary DNA) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Microarray analysis Link to Gene Therapy.

RT-PCR lab You have a cell…is a certain gene on (by “on,” we mean active and producing mRNA?)? If a certain gene is on when the cell divides, the gene.

PoPuLaTiOn GeNeTiCs. PoPuLaTiOn GeNeTiCs ( Heredity was not understood during Darwin’s time) Definition - science of genetic changes in populations. Populations.

Lab 8: PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Population Genetics Unit 4 AP Biology.

DNA Replication DNA mRNA protein transcription translation replication Before each cell division the DNA must be replicated so each daughter cell can get.

REPORTING CATEGORY 2. #21-PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CHANGES TO DNA CODE.

6.3 Advanced Molecular Biological Techniques 1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 2. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 3. DNA sequencing.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Population Genetics Learning Objectives

PV92 PCR/Informatics Kit

Genetic Equilibrium. A population is a group of individuals of a species that lives in the same area at the same time.

How to: Hardy - Weinberg

How do we know if a population is evolving?

Module 1 Section 1.3 DNA Technology

Remember the limitations? –You must know the sequence of the primer sites to use PCR –How do you go about sequencing regions of a genome about which you.

PV92 PCR Informatics Chromosome 16 Day #1: What is PCR? Day #2: Alu Insertion & PCR.

Hardy Weinberg Equation. Important Definitions What is a gene pool? What is an allele? What is a Punnett Square Describe heterozygous, homozygous recessive,

©2001 Timothy G. Standish Romans 5:17 17For if by one man’s offence death reigned by one; much more they which receive abundance of grace and of the gift.

Alu Polymorphysims as Identity Markers Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

ABC for the AEA Basic biological concepts for genetic epidemiology Martin Kennedy Department of Pathology Christchurch School of Medicine.

Measuring Genetic Variation in Natural Populations Historical Method: Examining protein variation via electrophoresis Modern Method: DNA sequencing and.

Genetics: Introductory Notes. Principal Points: Genetics can be divided into 4 subdisciplines – Transmission genetics – passage of genes from generation.

Polymerase Chain Reaction A process used to artificially multiply a chosen piece of genetic material. May also be known as DNA amplification. One strand.

By: Cody Alveraz Ted Dobbert Morgan Pettit

Population Genetics Measuring Evolutionary Change Over Time.

Recombinant DNA Technology. DNA replication refers to the scientific process in which a specific sequence of DNA is replicated in vitro, to produce multiple.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCRPCR PCR produces billions of copies of a specific piece of DNA from trace amounts of starting material. (i.e. blood,

PCR Y.Martinez, LSHS, 2014 DIRECTIONS: COPY NOTES IN ORANGE.

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Gene Pool: All the genes of all the members in a population. Allele Frequency: Percent of each allele in the population. Genetic Equilibrium: Allele frequencies.

The genetic engineers toolkit A brief overview of some of the techniques commonly used.

CATEGORY: EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Tarnjit Khera, University of Bristol, UK Background The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Population Genetics Measuring Evolutionary Change Over Time.

Answers to Homework Tasks

Measuring Evolutionary Change Over Time

Evolution and Populations –Essential Questions p

Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction

HARDY WEINBERG.

Alu insert, PV92 locus, chromosome 16

HARDY-WEINBERG and GENETIC EQUILIBRIUM

Measuring Evolution of Populations

Allele Frequencies Genotype Frequencies The Hardy-Weinberg Equation

The Evolution of Populations

Daily Warm-up February 3rd

Population Genetics Studies the genetic variations within a population

The same gene can have many versions.

Hardy Weinberg What the heck is that?.

1. Sexual Selection In order for random mating to occur, all members of the population must have equal.

Genomics for Regional Development

Daily Warm-Up Dec. 11th -What are the three enzymes involved with replication? What is the function of each? Homework: -Read 13.1 Turn in: -Nothing.

Lecture: Natural Selection and Genetic Drift and Genetic Equilibrium

Hardy – Weinberg Theorem

Hardy - Weinberg Questions.

Hardy – Weinberg Theorem

Hardy Weinberg.

Evolutionary Processes

Hardy-Weinberg Lab Data

Presentation transcript:

PCR Lab Notes

What does PCR Stand For? Polymerase chain reaction

Who invented PCR? Kary Mullins

Four main areas of biotechnology Gene mapping Gene mapping Cloning Cloning DNA sequencing DNA sequencing Gene Detection Gene Detection

What is the function of PCR? PCR produces exponentially large amounts of a specific piece of DNA from trace amounts of starting material. PCR produces exponentially large amounts of a specific piece of DNA from trace amounts of starting material.

The steps of PCR 1. Denature the double strand using heat (94 degree Celsius). 2. Anneal Primers – Cool temperature down to 60 degree Celsius. 3. Polymerization – Increase temperature to 74 degree Celsius.

Genes and DNA

What you already know…. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes which contains 30,000 to 50,000 genes. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes which contains 30,000 to 50,000 genes. These genes only comprise about 5 % of chromosomal DNA. These genes only comprise about 5 % of chromosomal DNA. The other 95% is non-coding DNA. The other 95% is non-coding DNA. The sequence with the genes are introns, which is transcribed into RNA but in the end do not make a protein. The sequence with the genes are introns, which is transcribed into RNA but in the end do not make a protein.

What you already know cont… The sequence that do code for proteins are called exons. The sequence that do code for proteins are called exons. Both introns and exons are initially transcribed, then introns are spliced out of the RNA to create the messenger RNA (mRNA). Both introns and exons are initially transcribed, then introns are spliced out of the RNA to create the messenger RNA (mRNA).

About the exons and introns Exon sequences are similar among individuals. Exon sequences are similar among individuals. Introns vary in size and number among individuals. Introns vary in size and number among individuals. It is the difference in intron sequences that allows us to determine human genetic diversity. It is the difference in intron sequences that allows us to determine human genetic diversity.

The Alu Sequence The Alu sequence is about 300 base pairs long that is repeated, one copy at a time, almost 500,000 times within the human genome. The Alu sequence is about 300 base pairs long that is repeated, one copy at a time, almost 500,000 times within the human genome. The origin and function of the Alu sequence is not yet known. The origin and function of the Alu sequence is not yet known.

The Alu sequence cont… Individuals can be: Individuals can be: Genotype Size of PCR Products Homozygous (+/+) 941 base pairs Homozygous (-/-) 641 base pairs Heterozygous (+/-) 941 base pairs and 641 base pairs

The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

The Hardy-Weinberg equation p pq + q 2 = 1 Where: p and q represents alleles. p 2 = the expected frequency of the homozygous (+/+) genotype in the population. p 2 = the expected frequency of the homozygous (+/+) genotype in the population. 2pq = the expected frequency of the heterozygous (+/-) genotype in the population. 2pq = the expected frequency of the heterozygous (+/-) genotype in the population. q 2 = the expected frequency of the homozygous (-/-) genotype in the population. q 2 = the expected frequency of the homozygous (-/-) genotype in the population.

The Hardy-Weinberg equation This equation describes the frequencies of genotypes in a population that is at genetic equilibrium, meaning that the frequencies are stable from generation to generation. This equation describes the frequencies of genotypes in a population that is at genetic equilibrium, meaning that the frequencies are stable from generation to generation.

The Hardy-Weinberg Theory The theory states that for a population to achieve this equilibrium, the population must be: The theory states that for a population to achieve this equilibrium, the population must be: Very largeVery large The members must mate randomly and produce offspring with equal successThe members must mate randomly and produce offspring with equal success there must be no migration of individuals into or out of the population.there must be no migration of individuals into or out of the population.