CLASS #3 THE BAROQUE, PART 2 CD #1, TRACKS 9 AND 10 Music Appreciation MUSI 115

Georg Philipp Telemann

Biographical facts Self-taught Perhaps the most prolific* composer of all More respected than Bach at the time Innovative composer  Concerti* for unusual combinations of insturments

TVW numbers Telemann-Werke-Verzeichnis*

Trumpet Concerto, CD #1, Track 9 Listen for…  Rhythm* is steady and predictable  Virtuoso* soloists  Extended breath phrases  Mordents* and trills*

Period Instruments -- Baroque Trumpet

Limitations and Advantages Only 12 notes Difficult to play in tune Difficult to play consistently Warm, rich sound

Modern TrumpetModern Trumpet (B-flat trumpet)

Limitations and Advantages Over two octave* range Precise intonation* Fairly easy to learn Harsh, thin sound

BAROQUE MASTER Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach,

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) German Composer, Organist, Educator Culminating figure of the Baroque style Career in Northern Germany Musical family Organist and composer Devout Lutheran Secular and church patrons during career

Personality 20 children! Only five major appointments. Musical goals and objectives? Work ethic.

JS Bach Society Web Sites

Examples of Contrapuntal* Music Little Fugue in G minor* Little Fugue in G minor  Mühlausen  31 years old  Pietist

Basic Theme

The Fugue and Its Devices Fuga Contrapuntal, based on imitation Subject unifies the work Choral or instrumental Melodic lines are referred to as voices

Contrapuntal* devices  Inversion*  Retrograde*  Augmentation*  Diminution*  Combinations

Jail! Much-desired position of Kapellmeister* in Weimar  Coffeehouse crowd  Subordination

Well-Tempered Clavier*, Books 1&2 Intended as only instructional and experimental pieces Dedication  “for the use and profit of young musicians”

The Well-Tempered Clavier*, Books 1 & 2 New technique!  Equal temperament = tuning Two pieces each in every new 24 Major and Minor keys  24 X 2 = 48 per book Glenn Gould

Bach and the Sacred Cantata Sacred cantatas Composed for the Lutheran church Multi-movement works One unifying theme

The Lutheran Chorale Battle hymns of the Reformation Early hymns: in unison Later hymns: 4-part harmony, soprano melody Unifying thread of the Protestant cantatas*

Typical Work Week Monday  Meeting with clergy Tuesday  Composing, teaching Wednesday  Church services 2-4 hours Thursday  First rehearsal Friday  Editing, rehearsing Saturday  Final dress rehearsal Sunday  6-8 hours in church

Typical Sunday Services 7 AM  Motet*, hymns*, organ solo. 8 AM  Cantata* and/or Chorale* 9 AM  Sermon, at least one hour 10 AM – 12 Noon  Cantata* and/or Chorale*, Communion*

Weekday Services Daily Church  6 AM Hospitals Jails Funerals Special events

Additional Duties Church Teaching  9 AM – Noon  Latin, singing, composition University collegium musicum*

Sacred Vocal Music Over 200 church cantatas* Four Passions* One Catholic Mass  Why?

Bach’s Cantatas * Typically have 5–8 movements Many movements based on chorale* tune Several choral* numbers Solos recitatives * arias *

Ein Feste Burg* A mighty fortress is our God, a bulwark never failing; Our helper He, amid the flood of mortal ills prevailing: For still our ancient foe doth seek to work us woe; His craft and power are great, and, armed with cruel hate, On earth is not his equal.

Martin Luther* A Mighty Fortress Is Our God*

Cantata No. 80, A Mighty Fortress Is Our God, No. 8

Bach: Chorale prelude on A Mighty Fortress Is Our God* Composed 140-plus organ chorales* Organ with three keyboards and a pedal keyboard Based on chorale tune Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott Varied texture

J. S. Bach and the Late Baroque Concerto* Cöthen period (1717–23) Instrumental chamber works Margrave Christian of Brandenburg*

But first…. Why was Bach in Berlin?

Brandenburg Concertos* 1721, BWV 1046–1051 Three movements each: I: Allegro,  ritornello form, contrapuntal II: Andante,  Slower, quieter, continuous imitation III: Allegro assai,  four-voiced fugue

Brandenburg Concerto* #1 1 st Movement 1 st Movement 2 nd Movement 2 nd Movement 3 rd Movement 3 rd Movement

Cello Suite* #1 Yo-Yo Ma playing the Prelude (MTV-ish) Yo-Yo Ma playing the Prelude Yo-Yo Ma playing the Sarabande

The Goldberg Variations*, 1741, BWV variations Harpsichord  Count Kaiserling  Johann Gottlieb Goldberg You know how I feel about Wikipedia, but….

Contrapuntal Master Musical Offering* (1747)  'Gentlemen, old Bach is here' The Art of Fugue *  Incomplete  Encyclopedia of counterpoint  Methodical predictability

Air On The G String* CD #1, track 10 Air* = aria* or song Played on one string only, the last (or G) string

Transpositions German violinist August Wilhelmj (1845 – 1908) Almost every instrument and vocalist  Julian Lloyd Webber with piano Julian Lloyd Webber with piano

Listen for… Steady, predictable rhythm* Sustained melody* Intertwining voices between the string and keyboard

BWV Numbers* Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis  Bach – Works – Numbers Wolfgang Schmieder ( ) Genre listing  Choral  Organ  Other keyboard