The First Humans World History

Interactive Notebook— Table of Contents Today’s Date Heading: “Early Development of Man” Page # (Your next available page)

Objective Given instructional sources, the student will demonstrate understanding of early man and his development by completing a chart which compares the different stages of development

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The Paleolithic Way of Life Early humans were able to sustain themselves through the use of stone tools – using one hard stone to chip away at another to create an edge Hand axes, pointed tools with one or more cutting edges were the most common Over the years, Paleolithic hunters developed better tools – spears and the invention of the bow and arrow made hunting easier Harpoons and fish hooks made of bone increased the catch of fish Sharp-edged tools were used to dig up roots, cut up plants and leaves, cut branches to build simple shelters Scraping tools were used to clean hides for clothing and shelter, bone needles were used for fish hooks and sewing hides together Because these people hunted, they followed animal migrations and vegetation cycles, meaning they were nomads, moving from place to place Their survival depended upon close observation of animal behavior patterns and demanded group cooperation for survival

Summarizing Information As you read, create a chart like the one below showing the effects of three tools on the lifestyle of early humankind. You may use your textbook pp. 8-11 to find the information you may need. Tool Effect

Primary Source History & Art Open your book to page 10 Examine the artwork and insets Answer the following questions Around 35,000 years ago, Ice Age artists painted images in caves. This 20-foot-long “Panel of Horses” was found in Chauvet Cave in southern France What does the “Panel of Horses” depict? What similarities do you see between animals in the cave art and those of today?

Cave of Forgotten Dreams Show video two times: once before students have started a notes page as a preview/scaffold, then a second time, with brief pauses for taking notes and answering questions.

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Adapting to Survive Groups of Paleolithic peoples, especially those living in cold climates, found shelter in natural caves Over time, people created new types of shelter made of animal hides and wood poles or animal bones As humans moved from Africa to colder climates, they learned to start fires – as much as 500,000 years ago Fires were used in several ways – as a source of warmth, it kept wild animals away from the campsite Armed with spears, they used fire to flush out game for the kill Cooked food tasted better, lasted longer and was easier to chew and digest Scholars believe that the ability to start fires developed independently using either two pieces of wood or flints

Closure On a half-slip of paper, answer the following question In your opinion, which was the most important innovation developed by early man? Explain

Interactive Notebook Table of Contents Today’s Date The Neolithic Revolution Page # (Your next available page)

“Analyze” means, to examine the parts “Analyze” means, to examine the parts. Look closely at all the parts of the image on the right. Next, think about what we have learned about the Paleolithic versus the Neolithic age. Now, based that understanding, discuss in writing one problem with the image.

Objective Given instructional sources the student will demonstrate understanding of the Neolithic Revolution by completing a graphic design illustrating before and after the Neolithic Revolution

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The Neolithic Revolution The end of the last Ice Age around 8,000 BC was followed by the Neolithic Revolution, which occurred from about 8,000 to 4,000 BC The term Neolithic means “new stone age” and is somewhat misleading The real change occurred as man shifted from hunting and gathering to keeping animals and the growing of food on a regular basis – systematic agriculture Hunter-gatherers moved from place to place finding herds and plants Domestication of animals meant they could be used for food, milk, wool and work Systematic agriculture also meant they could give up their nomadic ways and live in settled communities Because there was enough food, humans had more control over their lives

Create a drawing that defines what each of these words mean. systemic agriculture domestication Use pages 14, 16 and 18 artisan civilization

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The Growing of Crops Between 8,000 and 5,000 BC systematic agriculture developed in various parts of the world In Southwest Asia, people grew wheat and barley and domesticated pigs, cows, goats and sheep by 8,000 BC From there, farming spread into Southeastern Europe – by 4,000 BC it was well established in central Europe and the Mediterranean basin By 6,000 BC the cultivation of wheat and barley had spread into the Nile Valley of Egypt From there it went up the Nile into Ethiopia and Sudan – in central Africa, farmers specialized in tubers and tree crops such as bananas Farming wheat and barley also moved east into India between 7,000 and 5,000 BC By 5,000 BC farmers in Southeast Asia were growing rice and from there it moved into southern China; by 6,000 BC millet was farmed and dogs and pigs domesticated in northern China

Connecting to Today Open your book to page 15 Read the story and examine the graph Answer the following questions Which period saw the largest decrease in farms? What is the impact of urbanization (definition via chunking) on farming?

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Neolithic Farming Villages Growing crops on a regular basis gave rise to more permanent settlements called Neolithic farming villages These villages cropped up in Europe, India, Egypt, China and Mesoamerica In Mesoameica, present day Mexico and Central America they grew beans and maize and domesticated dogs and fowl. The oldest and biggest of these however were in southwest Asia – Jericho near the Dead Sea was in existence by 8,000 BC, another is Catalhuyuk in modern Turkey Archaeologists have discovered a dozen products that were grown outside the walls – fruits, nuts and three kinds of wheat Domesticated animals provided milk, meat and hides, scenes on the walls of huts indicate they also hunted As a result of a steady food supply, Catalhuyuk had a food surplus which means they didn’t need everyone to farm This means that some became artisans or skilled workers, making goods to trade with neighboring villages Catalhuyuk also had special buildings which appear to have been shrines, pointing to a growing role of religion in village life Groups come up with note that captures TWO bullet points at a time then share out and compare.

Catalhuyuk in present day Turkey

Shrine reconstruction at Catalhuyuk

Shrine remnants at Catalhuyuk

Neolithic Farming

Early Towns

Catal Huyuk

Ancient cities Halal Jericho

Neolithic Revolution Graphic With a partner you will create a graphic that visually shows the lifestyles of humans before and after the Neolithic Revolution Be creative, be neat and use color! Think about what humans lived like before they started farming and how they lived after farming You may use your book pp. 14-16 to find the information you will need

Before Neolithic Revolution After

Before Neolithic Revolution After

Before After Neolithic Revolution

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Neolithic Revolution - Effects The Neolithic Revolution brought dramatic changes to people’s lives. Once they settled in communities, they saw the need for walls for defense and storehouses for goods Storing surpluses encouraged trade Trading encouraged more people to learn crafts, which led to a division of labor As artisans became more skilled, they made more refined tools such as flint blades for sickles and hoes Some crops were developed which were used for things other than food – flax and cotton were used for yarn and cloth

Signs of Technological Growth Ceramic storage Mesopotamian Temple

Walls for Defense

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The End of the Neolithic Age Between 4,000 and 3,000 BC new developments began to affect Neolithic villages Even before 4,000 BC people discovered that by heating metal-bearing rocks they could turn metal to liquid The liquid metal could be poured into molds or casts to make tools and weapons Copper was the first metal to be used but after 4,000 BC it was discovered in southwestern Asia that combining copper with tin made bronze Bronze was a tougher, harder metal than copper The Bronze Age lasted from 3,000 to about 1200 BC. After 1000 BC, the use of iron tools and weapons became common, hence the term the Iron Age As farming communities grew larger they built walls and armies for defense By the beginning of the Bronze Age large numbers of people were concentrated in the river valleys of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China These farming villages led to the development of cities

Community Simulation We are going to work in groups of 3 to form an ideal community, based on a set of options Line up along the side and front of the room. We will count off so as to form groups of 3

Community Simulation Roles: Recorder: the Recorder will keep a written record of the group’s decisions. Be sure to include the names of all members of the group. Reporter: the Reporter will make an oral presentation to the class of the group’s choices, including strengths, weaknesses, and reasoning Facilitator: the Facilitator will be responsible for keeping the group focused and on task through completion within the allotted time allowed.

Community Simulation You can only choose one item from each group! List 3 strengths in choosing that item List 3 weaknesses that come with choosing that item (specific to that item!) Summarize your group’s reasoning and describe why your society will be successful. Justify why you picked all 5 items. How do the items work together? These are the things that you will report on!

Assignment As you read, fill in the chart like the one below listing the six major characteristics of civilization. You may use your textbook pp. 18-19 to find the information you will need. Civilization 1. 4. 2. 5. 3. 6.

Civilization Emerges Culture is a way of life of a people in a certain time and place The cultures of farming villages were relatively simple However with the settlement into permanent communities, cultures became more complex and developed into new forms A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of humans share a number of common elements The six characteristics are Cities – large concentrations of population, large-scale farming Government – large numbers of people, the need to maintain the food supply, defense all created the need for government. Governments organize and regulate human activity, provide for smooth interaction of individuals and groups The first governments were monarchies who organized armies for defense and made laws to regulate subjects’ lives

Civilization Emerges Religion – the new urban civilizations developed religions to explain the forces of nature and their roles in the world Social Structure – a new social structure based on economic power arose; rulers and an upper class of priests, government officials and warriors dominated society Writing – rulers, priests, merchants and artisans used writing to keep accurate records. They also used it for creative expression Art – Architects built temples and pyramids as places of worship or sacrifice or for royal burial. Painters and sculptors portrayed stories of nature, provided depictions of the rulers and gods they worshiped.

Ancient Cities

Early Temples

Early Writing

Early Art

Early Art

Tell Asmar Statuettes Sumerian Statuettes, from the Temple of Abu, Tel Asmar, c. 2700 - 2600 B.C.,

Large eyes are characteristic of many if not all of the Tell Asmar statuettes. What might compel a civilization to have this sort of focus if it is clearly not likeness?

Closure On a half-slip of paper, answer the following question Of the 6 main characteristics of a civilization, which is the most important indicator that a society has become a civilization? Explain.

Standards – Ur Battle Scene

Art in Society ?’s

Mesopotamian Art & Architecture Ancient Mesopotamian Temple City Walls and Bridges

Now complete the examples in Tucson section Now list the other 5 traits of civilization, and write a brief description for them Use pages 18 & 19 Now complete the examples in Tucson section Now complete the examples in Ur section