BA 101 Introduction to Business 8. Organization and Teamwork

Effective Organization Structure Coordinate and Control Work Coordinate DivideResponsibilitiesDivideResponsibilities PromoteAccountabilityPromoteAccountability DistributeAuthorityDistributeAuthority

Organization Chart Vertical Organization Chain of Command Work Specialization FormalOrganizationFormalOrganizationInformalOrganizationInformalOrganization Horizontal Coordination

Organization Chart for Food Lion Grocery Chain Board of Directors President & CEO Chairperson President & CEO Chairperson VP Human Resources Senior VP Operations Senior VP Operations VP MIS VP MIS VP Finance VP Finance VP Special Projects VP Marketing VP Marketing VP Advertising VP Advertising VP Store Planning Regional Supervisors Area Supervisors Regional Operations Area Supervisors Regional Operations Area Supervisors VP Grocery Operations VP Perishable Operations VP Bakery Operations

Chain of Command Responsibility Accountability Authority Delegation

Organizing the Workforce DepartmentalizationDepartmentalizationDivisionDivisionFunctionFunctionNetworkNetworkMatrixMatrix HybridHybrid

Functional Structures Job Skills Resource Use Job Requirements

Divisional Structures ProductsProducts GeographyGeography ProcessesProcesses CustomersCustomers

Departmentalization by Matrix PUBLISHER Book Team A Manger Book Team A Manger Book Team B Manger Book Team B Manger Editorial Manager Editorial Manager Production Manager Production Manager Design Manager Design Manager Editor A Production Editor A Production Editor A Designer A Editor B Production Editor B Production Editor B Designer B

DivisionsFunctions NetworkMatrix Hybrid Structure

Working In Teams OpportunitiesChallenges Higher-quality decisions Increased commitment Lower stress levels Less internal competition Improved flexibility Inefficiency Groupthink Diminished motivation Structural disruption Excessive workloads

Effective Teams Size and Structure Sense of Purpose Communication

Effective Teams Creative Thinking Focused Efforts Consensus

Productive Team Meetings Clarify the Purpose Select Participants Clarify the Agenda and Stay Focused

Productive Team Meetings Follow the Rules Promote Participation Close Effectively

BA 101 Introduction to Business 10. Employee Motivation, Workforce Trends, and Labor Relations

What Is Motivation? Needs Outcomes Actions

Workforce Motivation Monetary Rewards Fair Treatment Satisfying Work Work-Life Balance

Theories of Motivation Frederick W. Taylor Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory Theory X, Theory Y, and Theory Z Equity Theory Expectancy Theory

Frederick W. Taylor Monetary Rewards Personal Productivity ScientificManagementScientificManagement

Self-Esteem Needs Social Needs Safety Needs Physiological Needs Self-Actualization Maslow’s Hierarchy Five Need Categories

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory Motivation AchievementAchievement RecognitionRecognition ResponsibilityResponsibility Work itselfWork itself Personal growthPersonal growth HighlySatisfied HighlyDissatisfied Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied Motivators Influence Satisfaction Level Hygiene Factors Influence Satisfaction Area of Satisfaction Dissatisfaction Hygiene Factors Working conditionsWorking conditions Pay and securityPay and security Company policiesCompany policies SupervisorsSupervisors Interpersonal relationshipsInterpersonal relationships

McGregor’s Assumptions Theory X Employees Theory Y Employees Dislike work Dislike work Motivated by threats Motivated by threats Avoid responsibilities Avoid responsibilities Value security Value security Enjoy work Enjoy work Committed to goals Committed to goals Accept responsibilities Accept responsibilities Have mental potential Have mental potential

Ouchi’s Theory Z Informal Control with Formal Measurements Slow Evaluation and Promotion Moderate Degree of Career Specialization Holistic Concern for the Individual Consensus-Based Decision Making Long-Term Employment Individual Responsibility

Equity Theory Ratio Comparison* Employee’s Perception Outcomes A Inputs A Outcomes A Inputs A Outcomes A Inputs A Outcomes B Inputs B Outcomes B Inputs B Outcomes B Inputs B < = > Inequity (Under-Rewarded) Equity Inequity (Over-Rewarded) * Where A is the employee, and B is a relevant other or referent.

Expectancy Theory Individual Effort Individual Effort Individual Performance Individual Performance Organizational Rewards Organizational Rewards Individual Goals Individual Goals Quality of effort put forth depends on... Quality of effort put forth depends on... …expectations of …and expectations of …attractiveness of rewards relative to

Workplace Motivation Strategies SettingGoalsSettingGoalsReinforcingBehaviorReinforcingBehavior

Management by Objectives Setting Goals Planning Action Implementing Plans Reviewing Performance

Reinforcement Theory Behavior Modification Avoid Unpleasant Consequences Obtain Pleasant Consequences PositiveNegativeReinforcement

Working With Labor Unions Wages and Benefits Working Conditions Job Security

BA 101 Introduction to Business 11. Managing Human Resources

Human Resource Management (HRM) Motivation Compensation AcquiringAcquiringMaintainingMaintainingDevelopingDeveloping Evaluation Training & Development

Functions of the Human Resources Department Planning for Staffing Needs Recruiting and Hiring Training and Development Appraising and Retaining

Planning for Staffing Needs From Business Plan Estimate Demand for Employees Estimate Demand for Employees Estimate Supply of Employees Estimate Supply of Employees Perform Job Analysis Perform Job Analysis Write Job Descriptions Write Job Descriptions Write Job Specifications Write Job Specifications To Hiring Process To Hiring Process Evaluating Job Requirements Forecasting

InternalSearches Newspaper Ads Internet Ads Trade Shows HeadhuntersReferrals EmploymentAgencies Union Halls Colleges Recruiting Employees

The Hiring Process Select Qualified Candidates Select Qualified Candidates 1 1 Conduct In-Depth Interviews Conduct In-Depth Interviews 3 3 Check References Check References 5 5 Screen the Candidates Screen the Candidates 2 2 Evaluate the Candidates Evaluate the Candidates 4 4 Select the Best Candidate Select the Best Candidate 6 6

Background Checks EducationalCredentials Time Gaps Between Jobs Arrest Records EmploymentVerification ReferenceChecks Credit Histories

Training and Development Orientation Training Retraining

Appraising Employees Electronic Performance Monitoring Electronic Performance Monitoring 360-Degree Reviews 360-Degree Reviews Regular Written Evaluations Regular Written Evaluations Periodic Performance Appraisals Periodic Performance Appraisals Objectivity Fairness Improvement Standards

Workplace Compensation WagesSalaries BenefitsPay ScaleBenefitsBonuses Hourly Workers Corporate Executives

Incentive Programs Bonuses Commissions Profit Sharing

Incentive Programs Gain Sharing Pay for Performance Knowledge-Based Pay

Benefits and Services Insurance Retirement Plans Stock Options Family Benefits

Insurance Benefits Life and Health Dental and Vision Disability Long-Term Care

Family-Friendly Benefits Elder-CareElder-CareUnpaidLeaveUnpaidLeave DaycareDaycare

Other Employee Benefits Vacations, holidays, and sick leave Vacations, holidays, and sick leave Professional development Professional development Financial or legal counseling Financial or legal counseling Wellness programs Wellness programs Employee Assistance Programs Employee Assistance Programs Corporate perks Corporate perks

Overseeing Changes in Employment Status Promotion Reassignment Termination Retirement

Terminating Employees Performance Related Not Performance Related At-Will Employment Wrongful Discharge Rank and Yank Business Downturns Effects on Employees Outplacement Efforts