LAYOUT OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS Made By – Gautam Sharma (2K5/CE/416) Deepankar Hyanki (2K5/CE/415)

What is a Layout A layout is a medium to transfer the plan, length and width of the building on the ground. Latitude and longitude details are required for plotting the exact points from the layout on the ground.

In the figure : 3-D Layout of a commercial building

Types of commercial buildings There are various types of commercial buildings. Some examples of commercial buildings are given as - Banks Office buildings Hotels Malls Hospitals Stock Exchange Super Market Warehouse

Site Selection Criteria Many parameters impact the choice of the building site - The operational requirements of the business such as a need for railroad/highway access The structure may require use of a lot of over-the-road haulers thus requiring a fairly flat area; at least in the receiving/shipping area Other requirements will be availability of power; the proximity of related suppliers and location of local labor services or employees Sub-soil conditions and feasibility reports also play a major part of importance in the selection of site.

Factors affecting layout Some factors which affect lay-out of commercial buildings are – Accessibility Parking Landscape Planning and Design Fire safety HVAC Lighting Water supply and drainage Installation of Lifts and escalators Acoustic influence

Accessibility The type of access should be in coherence with that of surroundings (example – accessibility from roads) Purpose of the structure determines the type of access – example - warehouses require accessibility of heavy vehicles such as trucks In places witnessing heavy footfall (example- malls), adequate consideration should be given to the driveways, and resting area

Parking The number of vehicles entering and leaving the building determine the type of parking – underground or regular, and their ingress/egress patterns. The type of vehicles using the parking space determine the height of underground parking Underground parking requires construction of ramps for vehicles to move from one level to another

Parking (continued) In the picture : A layout design showing an underground parking system with ingress/egress and the cut-outs on the ground surface.

Landscaping Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land Commercial buildings utilize landscaping in the form of fountains, small parks, artificial structures, etc Adds to the aesthetic appeal of the building. In the picture: Landscaping in Delhi College of Engineering

Landscaping In the picture: Landscaping in a farm house In the picture: Landscaping in a hotel

Fire Safety Fire safety must be ensured in the building by means of – Installation of automatic fire detection and alarm systems Installation of automatic sprinkler systems Providing a fire exit in various parts of a building Ensuring good ventilation through-out the building

Fire Safety (Continued) In the figure: Automatic fire detector installed in a building In the figure: Automatic Sprinkler system in action

HVAC – Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning Used as “climate control” mechanism in medium to large commercial and industrial buildings. Ductwork, and space requirements for air-conditioning plant and ventilation system has to be take into account while deciding the lay-out HVAC is necessary where humidity and temperature must all be closely regulated whilst maintaining safe and healthy conditions within

HVAC – Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (Continued) In the figure : HVAC system in a building

Position of Lifts and escalators Core walls of the lifts are designed to act as “shear walls”, which resist any earthquake forces. The position of lifts should be done in consultation with a structural engineer Positioning of lifts and escalators should be in coherence with the accessibility plans of the building

Plumbing Plumbing system is used to deliver and drain away water to and from the building. Certain commercial buildings, such as hospitals, may require water treatment plant, and hence adequate consideration must be given to the layout. No underground water or sewage pipelines must be intersected/ damaged during excavation

Power source and electric sub-stations Commercial buildings often employ electric generators to provide electricity backup during conditions of power failure. Generators usually stored in chambers usually known as “Energy Centre”. The energy centre should be such that the generator exhaust does not spread inside the building complex Electrical substations are also required for buildings with large electricity demand (examples – hospitals, malls, etc)

Construction Methodology The course of action in order to construct a commercial building, once the site has been chosen, is as follows – 1 Feasibility study of the project 2 Deciding the layout 3 Obtaining structural drawings

Construction Methodology (Continued) 4 Excavation of site 5 Laying of PCC, and construction of foundation 6 Erecting columns from the foundation

Construction Methodology (Continued) 7 Casting of beams and slabs 8 Erecting columns from the slab Processes 7 & 8 are repeated until roof slab is cast 9 Internal finishing and landscaping

Construction Methodology (Continued) Curing of concrete is done alongside other tasks. For ex – Curing of ground floor slab may be done as the columns between ground and first floor are being casted Planning and scheduling of various activities are done using network analysis, using various softwares like Primavera and Microsoft Project Daily, weekly and monthly progress reports are generated in order to monitor the progress of the project. Adequate adjustments can be made if the project lags behind schedule.

References We are thankful to Mr C. A. Prasad, Assistant Vice President (Planning), DLF-Laing O’Rourke, who guided us towards the completion of this presentation Various internet sites, primarily wikipedia (www.wikipedia. com)

Thank You!