Human Body Systems Taylor Science

Integumentary System Structures: Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails Functions:Protection, temperature regulation, absorption, secretion, and insulation. 2

Skeletal System Structures: Bones, ligaments, cartilage Bone anatomy Compact bone –hard and strong exterior of bone Spongy bone- porous and lightweight interior of bone Marrow- found inside bones; creates new blood cells Ligaments connect bone to bone Joints are where bones meet, can be moveable or immovable Cartilage acts as shock absorbers where bones meet Functions: protects internal organs, provides structure and shape, support for movement, makes red and white blood cells, stores calcium and minerals. 3

Muscular System Structures: Voluntary and Involuntary muscles, Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, skeletal muscles, tendons Voluntary muscles are controlled by you Involuntary muscles work without any help from you Smooth muscles line blood vessels and organs Cardiac muscles are found in the heart Skeletal muscle attach to bones to produce movement Tendons connect muscles to bones Functions: Heart and organ function, movement, temperature regulation (shivers) 4

Digestive System Structures: Mouth, teeth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, gall bladder, pancreas, liver Mouth – to chew and grind up food – saliva begins the chemical breakdown Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach Stomach – secretes a strong acid that leads to breakdown of food Pancreas – produces the hormone insulin that regulates blood sugar levels Liver – produces bile, which breaks down fats in foods Gallbladder – pouch-like organ that stores bile for future use Small Intestine – remove nutrients from food is absorbed into the bloodstream Large Intestine – removes water from the food and gets the waste ready for excretion Functions: Breakdown food into usable energy and nutrients for the body. 5

Excretory System Structures: Skin- excretes waste and toxins Kidneys- filter waste from blood (liquid) Lungs- rid body of carbon dioxide (gas) Large intestines- rid body of solid waste (solid) Functions: rids the body of solid, liquid, and gas waste 6

Respiratory System Structures: Nose and mouth –entry and exit point for air Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat Larynx – your “voice box” as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak Trachea – the “windpipe” or what connects your pharynx to your lungs -- a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea when you swallow, preventing food from entering Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one for each lung) The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breath Functions: provides oxygen to our bodies while removing carbon dioxide 7

Cardiovascular System Structures: Heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, spleen, blood Heart pumps blood throughout body Veins bring oxygen poor blood to the heart Arteries bring oxygen rich blood to the body, away from the heart Capillaries are the smallest blood vessel and are found throughout the body Spleen helps filter toxins from the blood Blood- Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide White blood cells fight off infection Plasma is the liquid part of the blood that carries it through blood vessels (made in liver) Platelets helps blood clot Functions: transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste in and out of our body 8

Immune System Function- The body’s defense against disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles Structures- First Line of Defense Skin, Mucus, Cilia- block or slow entry into body Saliva and Stomach acid kill bacteria Second Line of Defense White Blood Cells – recognizes and remove disease agents (antigens) T-cells- find and kill infected or cancerous cells Interferon- released by infected cells to protect healthy surrounding cells Inflammatory Response- injured cells release histamine Third Line of Defense Antibodies - produced by B-cells, released when infections make it past the first and second lines of defense 9

Nervous System Structures: Brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and nerves Brain- the bodies control center Spinal Cord- carries messages from the brain to the body and back Nerves- conduct impulses to muscles throughout body Functions: senses and processes information, communicates and coordinates the body 10

Endocrine System Functions- to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones Structures- various glands that release message sending hormones into the body hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid parathyroid adrenal glands pancreas testes ovaries 11