Capacity Building and Research Requirements for Disaster Management and Prevention Ibrahim Komoo & Joy Jacqueline Pereira Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

EARTH PROCESSES - ASSETS Resources: Land Soil Water Minerals Energy materials Underground space etc.

EARTH PROCESSES - THREATS Hazards Stability Health risk Environment Earthquakes and tsunami Volcanic eruptions Subsidence Flooding Erosion etc.

Current Population Scenario Cities occupy about 3% of the Earth’s land surface 50% of the world’s population is urban - Asia: hosts 60% of the world’s population, with 48% urban. - Asia: hosts six of the 10 megacities in the world 75% of the world population lives in coastal zones

Natural Disasters in Malaysia Source: Lim, C.S (2004)

Pos Dipang debris flood, 44 people were reported lost or killed – August 1996

Taburan Banjir dan Banjir Kilat di Shah Alam (1990 – 1998) 178 Kejadian 34 Kawasan Sumber: Bachat, J. 2006

Kekerapan (1990-98) 11 – 15 Sangat kerap Nama tempat Bil. kejadian Kekerapan (1990-98) Lebuhraya Persekutuan (Sg. Rasau), Jln. Subang Airport, Kg. Subang, Kg. Lanchong Jaya, Kg. Melayu Kebun Bunga, Tmn. Sri Kilat, Tmn. Maznah, Kg. Bukit Naga, Tmn. Rashna, Kg. Lombong, Kg. Baru Hicom, Kg. Baru Subang, Jln. Glenmarie, NKVE (Plaza Tol Shah Alam), NKVE (Batu Tiga), Shah Alam, Ladang Elmina, Kg. Sg. Pelong & Kg. Baru Sg. Buloh 1 – 4 Jarang Kg. Lembah Bina, Kg. Padang Jawa, Sg. Rasau, Kg. Melayu Subang, Bt. Kemuning, Kg. Jln. Kebun & Kg. Paya Jaras Dalam 5 – 7 Sederhana kerap Kg. Merbau Sempak, Kg. Kubu Gajah, Kg. Paya Jaras Hilit & Kg. Paya Jaras Tengah 8 – 10 Kerap Kg. Kebun Bunga, Batu Tiga, Tmn. Sri Muda, Kg. Paya Jaras Hulu & Bandar Baru Sg. Buloh 11 – 15 Sangat kerap Sumber: Bachat, J. 2006

Landslides at Bukit Antarabangsa Location Date Fatality Tmn Hillview 20 Nov 2002 8 deaths 5 injured Jln Lee Woon, Tmn Zooview 9 Nov 2001 Tmn Zooview 29 Oct 2001 Riverdale Apartment April 2001 Taman Kosas 4 Jan 2001 Tmn Mulia Jaya 12 Dec 2000 Bt Antarabangsa 5 Oct 2001 Sg Sering,Tmn Kelab Ukay 30 Mac 2000 Kg. Seri Damai (dkt Tmn Kencana) 27 Feb 2000 24 Feb 2000 1 death Tmn Bt. Permai 6 Jun 1999 Mutiara Court, Bt. Indah 11 July 1999 Jln Wangsa, Bt Antarabangsa 15 May 1999 Athenaeum Tower, Bt Antarabangsa Jln Tasik Permai Feb 1994 Tmn TAR 18 Dec 1993 Blok 1 Highland Towers 11 Dec 1993 48 deaths The Malay Mail 22 Nov 2002 dan Arkib NST

Athenaeum Tower 1993 Loss of 48 lives in total Destroyed a 12-storey condominium and a bungalow Abandonment of Highland Towers Block B and C Litigation by owner of residents in Block B and C Compensation to some of the families 10,000 residents cut off from the city Evacuation of 1000 apartment dwellers Water supply disrupted for several days Decrease in property value Highland Towers Tmn Hillview Tragedy could have been avoided Destroyed a bungalow house Approx. 50m wide and 200m long 8 lives were lost, 5 were injured 1999 2002

ROCK SLOPE FAILURES IN MALAYSIA History of Rockfall: 1919 Bukit Tunggal Bukit Cheruh, Ipoh 1996 Gua Tempurung 2001 Tmn Rawang Perdana 2003 Bukit Lanjan 2004 Gunung Bercham, Ipoh

Kompleks Gelinciran Tanah Kundasang KBN Pekan K4 SK K6

Evidence of ground instability

Status The entire Kundasang highland area is experiencing aggravated threats from landslides. Large portions of residential areas sit on this landslide complex that is slowly moving. As a result of this the local community is faced with the problems of social insecurity, economic hardship and environmental degradation. Because of the large size, individual dwellers, while aware of local ground instability, were not aware of the landslide extent and the threat it poses.

Amaran Awal dan Kawalan Langkah Jangka Pendek Kenalpasti zon berisiko tinggi Langkah baikpulih kejuruteraan Langkah bukan kejuruteraan Sistem komunikasi penduduk tempatan – agensi berkepentingan Langkah Jangka Panjang Pendidikan dan kesedaran awam Perubahan guna tanah – pembangunan semula Kawalan pergerakan terintegrasi Unit pengurusan dan pemantauan gelinciran

Landslide Hazard Map Zon bahaya di sekitar kawasan petempatan padat terutamanya: Pasar & Pekan Kundasang SMK Kundasang Kg. Lembah Permai Kg. Sinisian Kg. Dumpiring SK Kundasang

Governance Framework Stakeholder involvement – participation in decision making and planning processes Innovative governance structures – there is a need to review current systems, processes, procedures and instruments for mountain governance Incorporated ecosystem approach – the ecosystem approach in planning, managing, developing and monitoring mountain ecosystems Balancing the needs of conservation and development – the balancing of the needs for economic and social development and ecosystem capacity must be given greater consideration Assessment and monitoring measures – there should exist a system that allows for regular monitoring and assessment

Tsunami 26.12.04 in Malaysia localities Estimated death toll: 68 Kota Kuala Muda, Kedah  12 Penang  52 Langkawi  1 Tg.Piandang, Perak  2 Sabak Bernam, Sgor  1 Missing bodies: 3 The bodies of three brothers from Penang have yet to be found (The Star, April 6, 2005).

Houses destroyed by tsunami

Lessons Learned The need for a disaster management response, i.e. Early Warning System to be installed, 15 minute warning Mangrove conservation: mangrove along the coast exposed to extensive erosion and intrusion. No development in mangrove sanctuaries Cooperation and coordination among government agencies, NGOs, community and private sector in disaster response Reconstruction plans should look at the needs of the victims, i.e. housing schemes for fishermen’ way of life Public Awareness and education: Informing citizens on how to deal with a disaster Development/settlement along the coastline need further assessment to ensure safety Current guidelines for disaster management need to include tsunami related damage and impacts Governance for Disaster Management: need for clear guidelines, role of media in early warning, role of lead agency, coordination with private sector, NGO, JKKK, religious institutions…..

Disaster Management and Prevention – Issues Public Awareness and Education Information Availability Coordination and Clarification of Roles and Responsibilities Integrated Approach to Hazards and Risk Management Prevention & Minimising Impacts Disaster Management

Promote training and education – formal & informal Disaster Management and Prevention – Capacity Building & Research Requirements Promote training and education – formal & informal Introduce retraining – practitioners Enhance technical knowledge Conduct state-of-the-art & participatory action research Bridge gaps in the science-governance interface Strengthen institutional arrangements Promote stakeholder and public participation ***Is there need for a dedicated institution?***

Identify, assess and monitor risks and enhance early warning. Disaster Management and Prevention – The Hyogo Framework Action (2005-2015) – Priorities for Action Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. Identify, assess and monitor risks and enhance early warning. Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. Reduce the underlying risk factors. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels.

Disaster Management and Prevention – First Session of The Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction: 5-7 June 2007 Primary multi-stakeholder forum for all parties involved in disaster risk reduction. Assess progress in the implementation of the Hyogo Framework and ISDR action 2008-09 Calls for greater access to earth science skills for developing countries; including mapping of high risk areas. UNFCCC Secretariat: disaster risk reduction is represented in the adaptation discourse of the climate change negotiations.

Thank you. Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia