U. S. Air Quality Program Update Working Group on Strategies and Review April 14, 2010

2 Overview Clean Air Interstate Rule Stationary Source Control Measures Mobile Source Control Measures Emission Control Area

3 Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) Regulation on Electric Utility Units for SO2 and NOx to reduce regional contributions to ozone and PM2.5 Was originally overturned by the U.S. Court of Appeals but their decision was stayed. The rule will be proposed in June 2010 and finalized by Spring 2011

4 States Covered by CAIR States controlled for PM 2.5 (annual SO 2 and NO x ) States not covered by CAIR States controlled for ozone (ozone season NO x ) States controlled for both PM 2.5 (annual SO 2 and NO x ) and ozone (ozone season NO x ) State temporarily not covered by CAIR

5 Progress under the Acid Rain, NO X Budget Trading, and CAIR Programs

6 SO 2 Emissions1990–2008 Emissions from over 3,500 electric generation units that use fossil fuels that are in the Acid Rain Program (ARP).

Deliberative – Do Not Cite or Quote 7 NO X Emissions1990–2008 Emissions from over 3,500 electric generation units that use fossil fuels and are in the Acid Rain Program (ARP).

8 Summertime NO X Emissions Emissions from about 2,600 electric generation units that use fossil fuels and other large stationary sources in the NO X Budget Trading Program (NBP).

9 Stationary Sources New Source Performance Standards –Covers all new or modified major industrial sources greater than 100 tons/year for sources listed in the Clean Air Act and 250 tons per year for all other sources Maximum Achievable Control Technology –Covers all major sources of 187 hazardous air pollutants –Major source is a source emitting greater than 10 tons per year of any one pollutant or 25 tons per year of any combination of pollutants

Clean Air Act Listed Major Sources (100 ton/year) Fossil-fuel fired steam electric plants of more than two hundred and fifty million British thermal units per hour heat input, Coal cleaning plants (thermal dryers), Kraft pulp mills, Portland Cement plants, primary zinc smelters, iron and steel mill plants, primary aluminum ore reduction plants, primary copper smelters, municipal incinerators capable of charging more than fifty tons of refuse per day, hydrofluoric, sulfuric, and nitric acid plants, petroleum refineries, lime plants, phosphate rock processing plants, coke oven batteries, sulfur recovery plants, carbon black plants (furnace process), primary lead smelters, fuel conversion plants, sintering plants, secondary metal production facilities, chemical process plants, fossil-fuel boilers of more than two hundred and fifty million British thermal units per hour heat input, petroleum storage and transfer facilities with a capacity exceeding three hundred thousand barrels, taconite ore processing facilities, glass fiber processing plants, charcoal production facilities. Deliberative – Do Not Cite or Quote 10

Mobile Source Rules 1999: Standards for Light-duty Car and Truck Engines (also known as “Tier 2”) Reduces NOx standards by 77-95% for new light duty cars and trucks; phase-in through 2009 Requires 90% reduction in fuel sulfur to 30 ppm by

Mobile Source Rules 1999: Standards for Light-duty Car and Truck Engines (also known as “Tier 2”) Reduces NOx standards by 77-95% for new light duty cars and trucks; phase-in through 2009 Requires 90% reduction in fuel sulfur to 30 ppm by

Mobile Source Rules 2000: Heavy-Duty Highway Diesel Engine Standards Reduces PM, NOx, and VOC standards for new heavy-duty onroad diesel engines and will reduce emissions by 95% For onroad diesels, requires 97% reduction of sulfur in diesel fuel to 15 ppm by 2006 Fully phased in

Mobile Source Rules 2004: Nonroad Diesel Rules Address vehicles, engines, and equipment used for construction, agriculture, transportation, recreation, and many other purposes Reduces PM and NOx emissions from nonroad diesel engines by 90%; full phase-in 2015 For nonroad diesel engines, removes >97% of the sulfur in diesel fuel to 15 ppm by

Mobile Source Rules 2008: Locomotive and Marine Diesel Engine Rule Applies to: –diesel line-haul, passenger, and switch locomotives –marine diesel engines with displacement less than 30 liters per cylinder (not ocean-going vessels) Near-term: tier 3 emission standards for newly-built locomotive and diesel marine engines Long-term: emission controls based on the high-efficiency aftertreatment technologies that will soon be in use by highway and nonroad engines Near-term and long-term emission standards would reduce PM by 90% and NOx by 80% Long-term standards enabled by reduction of sulfur in nonroad diesel fuel to 15ppm by

Mobile Source Rules Sept. 2008: Nonroad Spark Ignition Engine Rule Lawn and garden, personal watercraft, outboard engines Small nonroad engines –35 % reduction in HC+NOx emissions –45% reduction evaporative emissions Outboard marine/personal watercraft –60 % reduction HC+NOx emissions –70% reduction evaporative emissions 16

Mobile Source Rules In March 2008, EPA finalized a three part program that will reduce emissions from marine diesel engines below 30 liters per cylinder displacement. –The rule will cut PM emissions from these engines by as much as 90 percent and NOx emissions by as much as 80 percent when fully implemented. Also includes the first-ever national emission standards for existing marine diesel engines, applying to engines larger than 600kW when they are remanufactured. –The rule also sets Tier 3 emissions standards for newly-built engines that are phasing in from –Establishes Tier 4 standards for newly-built commercial marine diesel engines above 600kW, based on the application of high-efficiency catalytic after-treatment technology, phasing in beginning in

Mobile Source Rules In December 2009, EPA issued final emission standards for new marine diesel engines with per-cylinder displacement at or above 30 liters (called Category 3 marine diesel engines) installed on U.S.- flagged vessels. –The final engine standards are equivalent to those adopted in the amendments to Annex VI to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (a treaty called "MARPOL"). –The emission standards apply in two stages: near-term standards for newly-built engines will apply beginning in 2011, and long-term standards requiring an 80 percent reduction in nitrogen dioxides (NOx) will begin in EPA is adopting changes to the diesel fuel program to allow for the production and sale of diesel fuel with up to 1,000 ppm sulfur for use in Category 3 marine vessels. –The regulations generally forbid production and sale of fuels with more than 1,000 ppm sulfur for use in most U.S. waters, unless operators achieve equivalent emission reductions in other ways. 18

North American Emissions Control Area (ECA) Affects only Category 3 ships i.e., the largest oceangoing vessels such as oil tankers, cruise ships and container ships. About 95% of them sail under foreign flags. The North American ECA low sulfur fuel requirement is effective NO x controls start taking effect on new engines in 2011 (Tier 2) and on existing engines in 2016 (Tier 3). 19

North American Emissions Control Area (ECA) On March 26, 2010, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) officially designated waters off North American coasts as an area in which stringent international emission standards will apply to ships. In 2020, EPA expects emissions from ships operating in the designated area to be reduced by 320,000 tons for NOx, 90,000 tons for PM2.5, and 920,000 tons for SOx, which is 23 percent, 74 percent, and 86 percent, respectively, below predicted levels in 2020 absent the ECA. Deliberative – Do Not Cite or Quote 20

21 North American Emissions Control Area (ECA)