AND EVIDENCED BASED PRACTICE MAY 23, 2014 REBECCA LEE, DNP, CRNA ADVANCED RESEARCH AND EVIDENCED BASED PRACTICE MAY 23, 2014 REBECCA LEE, DNP, CRNA BARRY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

Literature Review: Searching and Writing the Evidence Chapter Six Literature Review: Searching and Writing the Evidence

Similarieits and differences - - a big thing

What is a Literature Review? Written analytical summary of research finding on a topic of interest Comprehensive compilation of what is known about a phenomenon Purpose – assess the evidence Clear identification of the topic of interest important

Purpose of the Review Identifies a research problem and how it can be studied Helps clarify and determine the importance Identifies what is known Identifies gaps in the knowledge Provides examples Provides evidence of the importance of the problem Identifies theoretical frameworks and conceptual models Identifies experts in the field Identifies research designs and methodologies Provides a context for analysis

The Process Happens early in the process (quantitative) Can happen at the end (qualitative) Summarization of the literature usually follows the research problem/question Sets the stage for the study

Conducting a Search Seek the help of a professional librarian Research idea Brainstorm about an idea Other articles can provide suggestions for the next step Research question Helps to be curious about topic Reading is great source for ideas Does not have to be etched in stone “End Note” – an app that allows you to export your bibliography

Database or Search Engine Search engines – Google/Yahoo/Bing Take you to the information Help you retrieve accessible information Database i.e.MEDLINE Organized body of related information Arranged for speed of access and retrieval Storage location like a library Two types – bibliographic and fulltext “Search Engine is a collection of software programs” “a database “

Possible Databases used in Nursing MEDLINE CINAHL Cochrane Library Nursing & Health Sciences Nursing Journal PsycINFO AID search EBSCOhost

Basics of Searching Identify concepts from the research question to focus the search Determine any synonyms for identified concepts (search terms) Combine search strategies AND = reduces the number of citations OR = less restrictive

Key Information Textbooks can be helpful to provide a foundation Determine the gaps in the literature and authors of major articles More precise the search = fewer number of resources More general the search = greater number of resources

Evaluating the Literature Believe that you have analytical skills to base the evaluation upon Look at the discussion section of article to see the limitations identified for the study Driving force is to determine if the study supports the question identified and if any gaps are seen

Parts to review Purpose of the study Sample size and selection Design of the study Data collection procedures Analysis of the data Conclusion

Review areas Articles – Author’s credentials, citation information Purpose – Helps to group similar type studies, organizes the material for later summarizing Sample – Selection process, size of the sample Method – Implementation of study, inclusion criteria, instruments or surveys used, data collection procedures, data analysis Major Findings – Gaps noted, limitations, next step in the research process An author should ALWAYS state the limitations of the study

Looking through research articles ABSTRACT - Yes – you need to write an abstract in your Lit Review. 120 words Should grab readers attention INTRO/LIT Review – should also grab readers attention PURPOSE – PICOT – MeETHODOLOGY – the meat of reseearch study – define , sample size, how analyze, Chi Squared, T Tests, ettc MAJOR FINDINGS SUMMARTY WORKS CITED – good way to find other aarticles

Creating a table helps with the synthesis of information and organization of data

Writing the Literature Review Not a summary of articles Synthesis of information about the topic Purpose – convince the reader about the need to do the study Format can vary () Outlines are helpful to manage the amount of data to be organized we do APA in this class, most medical research is done in AMA, in 3rd semester (cardio throacic) will switch to AMA Put your topic in PICOT format You abstract will be a brief summary/synopsis of your lit review

Writing the Literature Review Proofread and spellcheck!!! Be concise and specific Look at power point slides for APA format under Unit 2 – how to phrase things

Understanding what a literature review is… The purpose is to identify what is known and what is not known about a topic. Galvan (2006:72) captures the difference between an annotated bibliography and a literature review very well: "...in essence, like describing trees when you really should be describing a forest. In the case of a literature review, you are really creating a new forest, which you will build by using the trees you found in the literature you read."  

Double check your writing!

Helpful Hints APA Style No more than 10 pages Don’t be quote happy Synthesize Use spell check Review guidelines Look at the examples under unit resources BB I don’t mind PERLA – program to put double check – glitches in PERLA that not APA 6th edition format – must be 6th edition format No more than 10 pages Review guidelines on Blackboard dr Macans Lit Review Just scroll down to her lit review

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Summary Points Foundation of the research proposal Begins with a good literature search Engage a professional librarian to help Database searches using subject headings yield more precise information Identify what is known and unknown about the topic Identify gaps in the literature Gaps in the literature should support the research question

Use PICOT format Outcome Time frame -

The Research Critique Process and the Evidence-Based Appraisal Process Chapter Thirteen The Research Critique Process and the Evidence-Based Appraisal Process Save these for when you are in cardiothroacic

Definition of Critique Critique is defined as a vital appraisal dealing with examples of art or literature; a decisive dialogue of a precise topic; the ability of analysis Merriam-Webster Learner's Dictionary (2012): a “a careful judgment in which you give your opinion about the good and bad parts of something (such as a piece of writing or a work of art” (p. 1 Definition – a vital appraisal

Rationale for Doing a Research Critique Immediate reaction to seek answers to critical questions in nursing practice Mechanism to provide feedback for improvement Allows for the advancement of the professional

Elements of a Research Critique Purpose of a study Design of the research Literature review Research question Sample Data collection process Results Recommendations Purspope – always in the beginning Desing - \quqat/qual Quewstion – di author ansqwe Process – qui sacaure, anova, ttest

Process for Doing a Critique Read the entire study carefully Examine the organization and presentation Make a photocopy of the article to allow highlighting Identify terms you don’t understand and look them up Identify the strengths and limitations but be objective Print out and highlight Strengths and limitatons – very importatnt

Critically Assessing Knowledge for Clinical Decision-making Fundamental importance for implementation of evidence-based practice. Research critique should be tempered by clinical expertise. Must be a systematic process to ensure completeness. Dependent & Independent vaiable Independednt = what you measure Dependent = outcome Can be two pages – doesn’t have to be long

Decisively Evaluating Quantitative Evidence Slightly easier to do since quantitative research design tends to be more concrete. Usual section – introduction, literature review, hypothesis (es), sampling, research design, statistical testing, and discussion Conceptual framework principle aspect for this type **** Quantitative = numbers Generally a conceptual framework

Decisively Evaluating Qualitative Evidence Slightly different focus Must discuss researcher-participant relationship Ethical consideration Data collection and management Data analysis which allows for audit of process Anonimity is common ethical consideration Data collection and management – importatn part of wualitatiove

Decisively Evaluating Mixed Evidence Embraces both quantitative and qualitative aspects Rationale for utilization of this method must be provided Quantitative data discussion usually provided followed by qualitative data but can be in any order Discussion section must bring both data results together for an integration of the recommendations. Don’t pick a mixed study – may be too complex – stick with straight quant oe qual study Quant will be easier

The Evidence-based Appraisal Expert Opinion When there is no definitive data available May be expressed in books, conferences, forums, reports or even from expert clinicians in practice Data internal to an organization Quality Improvement (QI)/Quality Assurance (QA) Necessary to provide nurses with knowledge to improve their nursing practice through expert opinion and internal data

Summary Points Essential to Evidence Based practice Nine different types of critiques Series of questions guide critiques Journal articles have restrictions on length, etc Critique skills developed by repetition Eight general areas of a research study Don’t need to be a statistician to do a critique Quantitative critiques differ from qualitative critiques Evidence-based appraisals may include evidence from sources other than research

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