2.  “look again" (re + view) at what others have done  describes theoretical per­spectives and previous research findings regarding the problem

3.  offer new ideas, perspectives, and approaches  Help to know researchers who worked in your research area for advice or contact  Inform methodological and design issues used by others  Indicate sources of data which are not known to you

4. introduce you with measurement tools dealing with problem situations Help to link your finding with others Bolster your confidence as others valued as important research problem Help to develop your argumentation and analytical skills

5.  Internet websites. You find more than 76 billion articles on Internet.  Not recommended to use books but only for elaboration purpose  Libraries which contains collection of different literatures  References of articles being reviewed  Indexes and abstracts.  bibliographic index.

6.  Recommended to use the last Five years, if old last Ten years journal publications,  Be systematic and thorough “Make haste slowly”. Don’t rush  Focus only on literatures that are related to your research problem. Don’t put too many lists, many which are not important  Read 1 st. title – Abstract- 2 nd. Introduction and conclusion 3 rd. the whole paper

7.  Identify Keywords of your research topics  Design Literature Map  Organize your literatures by literature map ◦ Summarize the most relevant articles ◦ Include precise reference

8.  Organize topics Ease of use SW usability usefulness Organizational support Training troubleshooting Organization strategy

9.  Start from comprehensive perspective, like an inverted pyramid--broad end first  Emphasize relatedness. ◦ Keep your reader constantly aware of how the literature you are discussing is related to your problem

10.  Literature reviews should never be a chain of isolated summaries – Kebede says …. Gebre says …, etc  Should be written as story about one phenomena  Discuss by time trends  Discuss by concepts  Look for missing that create understanding challenge  Raise conflicting issues because of …  Wind up by indicating what is missing in the story of the phenomena

11.  Show deficiency ◦ Is there missing variables  Previous studies did not see this variable ◦ Missing population groups  Previous study did not address this software type ◦ Replication of the study to a new context  Software usability study was not made in Ethiopian context  Can get research gap from previous journal articles

12.  Ensures that you are not "reinventing the wheel".  Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.  Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.  Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.  Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.

13.  Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.  Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.  Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).

14.  Lacking organization and structure  Lacking focus, unity and coherence  Being repetitive and verbose  Failing to cite influential papers  Failing to keep up with recent developments  Failing to critically evaluate cited papers  Citing irrelevant or trivial references

15.  Select on Internet how literature review is conducted  Pick an article and evaluate its literature review sections  What patterns used – time or conceptual criteria  Search on Internet and read examples what paraphrasing means?  When do you plagiarism? Why?  What was they gap they identified? Why it is gap? 