Frequency Response Initiative Robert W. Cummings Director of System Analysis and Reliability Initiatives NERC Standing Committees September 14-15, 2010

2 FRI Objectives  Coordinate all NERC standards development and performance analysis activities related to frequency response and control  Identify specific frequency-related reliability factors  Identify root causes of changes in frequency response  Identify practices and methods to address root causes  Consider impacts of integration of new generation technologies (such as wind, solar, and significant nuclear expansion)

3 FRI Objectives  Develop metrics and benchmarks to improve frequency response performance tracking  Share lessons learned with the industry via outreach, alerts, and webinars  Determine if performance-based frequency response standards are warranted

4 Near-Term Tasks  Develop a clear set of terminology for use by NERC and the industry RS, FRWG, Freq. SDTs, SARI staff Start Date: April 26, 2010 Out for comment from PC & OC Target End Date: September 30, 2010  Issue an Recommendation (ROP § 810) and survey to collect data and information for analysis Survey drafting team, SARI staff Start Date: May 2010 Issue: Sept. 9-15, 2010 GOs/GOPs – 3-month response required BAs – 45 day response required Target End Date: Dec. 31, 2010

5 Near-Term Tasks  Analyze current and historical Primary and Secondary Control Response performance – what factors influence that performance (original tasks 3&4) Control Factor Task Team  RS, FRWG, Freq. SDTs, SARI staff Start Date: Aug. 2, 2010 Analyze  Existing primary control parameters – governor behavior  ACE equation influences – Appropriate Frequency Bias levels (mid-term task)  Plant-level controls influence  More? Target End Date: Jan. 31, 2011

6 Near-Term Tasks  Develop automated method for determining frequency deviation events to be used for BAs to measure Primary Control Response RS, FRWG, & SARI staff Start Date: Aug. 1, 2010 Parameters for events being evaluated by RS & FRWG Evaluating CERTS FMA Tool Incorporate FNet-like detection & triangulation algorithm  Potential modifications – DOE funding  Scope changes by Oct. 31, 2010 Quarterly review of event list and selection by RS or FRWG Target End Date: April 29, 2011

7 Near-Term Tasks  Develop appropriate metrics for tracking frequency performance on each interconnection to monitor trends and performance RS, FRWG, Freq. SDTs, & SARI staff Start: October 1, 2010 Target End Date: December 31, 2010

8 Near-Term Tasks  Develop sustainable methods for auto- matically collecting, trending, and analyzing various elements of frequency response and control for frequency deviation events RS, FRWG, Freq. SDTs, & SARI staff Start Date: Aug. 1, 2010 Data collection being evaluated by RS & FRWG Evaluating CERTS FMA Tool Incorporate PMU-based determination of Points A, B & C  Potential modifications – DOE funding  Scope changes by Oct. 31, 2010 Target End Date: April 29, 2011

9 Mid-Term Tasks  Determine appropriate minimum Bias settings for use in AGC systems as part of an overall Frequency Response and Control strategy RS, FRWG, Freq. SDTs, & SARI staff Analyze variability of frequency response to determine range of frequency response that must be protected Analyze sensitivity to performance for various Frequency Bias settings in ACE equations Start: November 1, 2010 Target End Date: April 29, 2011

10 Mid-Term Tasks  Improve transient dynamic models of Primary Control Response for generators and other devices Governor Review Team – DOE funding  John Undrill/Eric Allen  Student assistance  Regional modeling groups Compare GO/GOP Survey information against dynamic models  Critical evaluation  Analysis of control parameters in models  Recommendations for improvements & Feedback to regions and GOs Start: November 1, 2010 Target End Date: September 30, 2011

Some Frequency Control Initial Findings  No system wide tuning strategy being employed  Prior to interconnections of systems, it was necessary to tune each governor to regulate system frequency in isolation  The necessity of stable isolated governing has given way in many cases to faster load ramping or AGC control

WECC Hydro

Retuned Hydro Governors

14 Mid-Term Tasks  Explore and analyze what are appropriate frequency response and control performance requirements to maintain system reliability RS, FRWG, Freq. SDTs, & SARI staff In-depth analysis control performance requirements for generators Evaluate progress made in ERCOT  Lowered deadband to ±16.7 mHz  No-step method of droop application Report to OC/PC Possible recommendations for SARs Start: November 1, 2010 Target End Date: April 29, 2011

15 Longer-Term Tasks  Develop and implement mid-term dynamic models of Primary Control Response of generators and other devices Potential participants – TIS, SPCS, MVTF, turbine / generator and controls manufacturers Research required – potential DOE funding Tied to Modeling Improvements and System Protection Initiatives Projected Start: January 2011 Target End Date: December 2012

16 Longer-Term Tasks  Analyze current Inertial Response and determine what factors influence performance Potential participants – TIS, MVTF, regional dynamics groups Collect inertial response information from PMU data for Eastern and Western Interconnections  National labs collecting data from data concentrators for frequency events determined by RS/FRWG Data Collection Start: October 1, 2010 Target End Date: December 2012

17 Longer-Term Tasks  Examine Primary Control Frequency Response characteristics of electronically- coupled resources and “smart grid” loads Develop load and “generator” models (research required) to properly analyze influence on system behavior in transient, post-transient, and mid-term stability  Potential DOE funding  Work underway – BPA initiative on load analysis Potential participants – TIS, MVTF, regional dynamics groups Start Date: August 1, 2010 Target End Date: December 2012

18 Longer-Term Tasks  Explore how displacement of inertial generation with electronically-coupled resources might influence Inertial Response Potential participants – TIS, MVTF, regional dynamics groups Analyze sensitivity of system dynamics to changes in inertial response and synchronizing torque  Attenuation of oscillatory impulses  Dynamic cohesion Predecessor – determining characteristics of electronically-coupled resources and loads Start Date: June 2011 Target End Date: July 2012

19 Reporting & Ongoing Activities Ongoing Activities  Communications / Educational Outreach Technical Reference Documents Webinars / Workshops  Metrics & Calculations Ongoing determination of frequency events for analysis Quarterly determination of response performance Reporting on FRI Progress  Oct. 18, 2010 – Report to FERC  Dec. 31, 2010 – Report to Board  February 2011 – R eport to Board and FERC  2011 & 2012 Quarterly Reports to Board

20 Question & Answer