Chapter 35 America enters the war America enters the war

Decision was made to defeat Hitler first Americans unite against the dictators Americans unite against the dictators By Executive Order February Japanese internment – 110,000 Japanese Americans interned in camps on the west coast. By Executive Order February Japanese internment – 110,000 Japanese Americans interned in camps on the west coast. – It was the most severe attack on American civil liberties during WWII. –Excuse/national security

Had to sell homes businesses on short notice Had to sell homes businesses on short notice Put in camps armed guards in undesirable places Put in camps armed guards in undesirable places 1200 volunteered to serve the US army 1200 volunteered to serve the US army

The US organizes for war The US organizes for war

War productions Board created to direct industrial production so as to provide necessary war materials Pulls us out of the depression Pulls us out of the depression 40 billion bullets 300,000 aircraft 76,000 ships 86,000 tanks 2.6 million machine guns 40 billion bullets 300,000 aircraft 76,000 ships 86,000 tanks 2.6 million machine guns Halts the manufacture of non essential goods Halts the manufacture of non essential goods Farmers increase their output Farmers increase their output Ship builder Henry Kaiser built one ship in 14 days Ship builder Henry Kaiser built one ship in 14 days

Office of Price Administration Brought prices under control Brought prices under control Organized rationing Organized rationing – Some cheat –Black Market

War labor Board Put a ceiling on wages Put a ceiling on wages Settled labor-management disputes so as to prevent strikes Settled labor-management disputes so as to prevent strikes Labor unions grew from 10 million to 13 million during the war and there were some strikes Labor unions grew from 10 million to 13 million during the war and there were some strikes Smith-Connally Anti Strike act authorized government to seize and operate tied up industries Smith-Connally Anti Strike act authorized government to seize and operate tied up industries

Man Power 15 million men serve about 16% saw action 10 million through draft 15 million men serve about 16% saw action 10 million through draft Women serve in non combat roles WACS WAVES Women serve in non combat roles WACS WAVES Mexican farm workers called braceros allowed across the border to harvest crops a program that out lives the war Mexican farm workers called braceros allowed across the border to harvest crops a program that out lives the war Over six million women enter the work force (Rosie the Riveter) Over six million women enter the work force (Rosie the Riveter)

African Americans Could join the marines Could join the marines Must fight in black units Must fight in black units Few officers but more could become officers Few officers but more could become officers Charles Drew a black man develops the blood bank but blood was segregated Charles Drew a black man develops the blood bank but blood was segregated Roosevelt orders no discrimination sets up fair Employment practices Committee to prevent racial discrimination and religious discrimination. NAACP membership booms Roosevelt orders no discrimination sets up fair Employment practices Committee to prevent racial discrimination and religious discrimination. NAACP membership booms One million blacks move north and west causing unrest in those states and cities One million blacks move north and west causing unrest in those states and cities

Paying for the war Paying for the war With holding taxes began and lower tax brackets With holding taxes began and lower tax brackets billion 1/3 taxes 2/3 borrowed through bonds billion 1/3 taxes 2/3 borrowed through bonds Debt went from $50 billion to 250 billion. Debt went from $50 billion to 250 billion.

European Theater European Theater German subs hurt American shipping until we controlled Atlantic -Allies had developed SONAR So(und) Na(vigation) R(anging) Radar German subs hurt American shipping until we controlled Atlantic -Allies had developed SONAR So(und) Na(vigation) R(anging) Radar Battle of the Atlantic came first Battle of the Atlantic came first

North African To stop Rommel To stop Rommel British stop German at El Alamein Egypt (protect Suez Canal) Montgomery- led British British stop German at El Alamein Egypt (protect Suez Canal) Montgomery- led British US gets involved with Eisenhower leading US, British, Canadian troops in an invasion of North Africa at Morocco Nov US gets involved with Eisenhower leading US, British, Canadian troops in an invasion of North Africa at Morocco Nov Axis troops put in Vice and North Africa soon taken by allies Axis troops put in Vice and North Africa soon taken by allies Patton very important tank commander here Patton very important tank commander here

1943 allies invade Sicily and southern Italy Mussolini’s fascists collapse Italy surrenders unconditionally Mussolini’s fascists collapse Italy surrenders unconditionally Germany does rush troops here ( by 1944 Rome taken) Germany does rush troops here ( by 1944 Rome taken)

By 1942 Russians were on counter offensive They wanted a second front They wanted a second front They broke the siege of Stalingrad and surrounded the German army They broke the siege of Stalingrad and surrounded the German army Jan Siege of Leningrad ended Jan Siege of Leningrad ended

Casablanca Conference 1943 Allies decide to take Sicily and Italy Allies decide to take Sicily and Italy Americans wanted to invade France Americans wanted to invade France Unconditional surrender decided upon (some criticize as prolonging the war) Unconditional surrender decided upon (some criticize as prolonging the war)

Air war British began bombing Germany in 1941 flew over at night saturation bombed whole areas British began bombing Germany in 1941 flew over at night saturation bombed whole areas Americans- Army Air Force attack in 1942 pinpoint attack in day light Americans- Army Air Force attack in 1942 pinpoint attack in day light B-17 Flying Fortress soon being shot down B-17 Flying Fortress soon being shot down America develops long range fighters America develops long range fighters Germans develop V-1 and V-2 Flying bombs Germans develop V-1 and V-2 Flying bombs

D-day June 6, 1944 Landed at Normandy France Landed at Normandy France Best kept secret of war Best kept secret of war Eisenhower was “Overlord” code name for invasion Eisenhower was “Overlord” code name for invasion Germans believed attack (Overlord) would come at Calais to North Germans believed attack (Overlord) would come at Calais to North Patton used as decoy Patton used as decoy 600 warships 4000 tanks men supported by planes 600 warships 4000 tanks men supported by planes 1 week allies had landed 326,000 men 50,000 vehicles 100,000 tons of supplies 1 week allies had landed 326,000 men 50,000 vehicles 100,000 tons of supplies Within 6 weeks all of France cleared of Germans Within 6 weeks all of France cleared of Germans

Battle of the bulge Germans final attempt Germans final attempt Hit allied lines in one big offensive to take Antwerp an allied base Hit allied lines in one big offensive to take Antwerp an allied base Aided by bad weather Germans got good start Aided by bad weather Germans got good start Germans had run out of gas Germans had run out of gas

The End is Near April 12,1945 Roosevelt dies April 12,1945 Roosevelt dies May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders V-E day May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders V-E day

War in the pacific- Allies had early losses Guam, Philippines Allies had early losses Guam, Philippines April 1942 US begins raids on Tokyo April 1942 US begins raids on Tokyo Did little damage but boosted morale Did little damage but boosted morale B-25's led by General Doolittle in 60 seconds over Tokyo B-25's led by General Doolittle in 60 seconds over Tokyo

Battle of Coral Sea Yamamoto wanted to defeat pacific fleet Yamamoto wanted to defeat pacific fleet First sea battle where neither ship saw the other First sea battle where neither ship saw the other Battle was draw – US lost the Lexington Battle was draw – US lost the Lexington But stopped Japanese advance But stopped Japanese advance

Midway June 1942 Japanese wanted stationary aircraft carrier (island) Japanese wanted stationary aircraft carrier (island) US sent 4 carriers to the bottom of the sea – that Japan could not replace US sent 4 carriers to the bottom of the sea – that Japan could not replace US lost 1 carrier US lost 1 carrier Turning point of the war Turning point of the war

Offensive Guadal Canal of Solomon Islands Guadal Canal of Solomon Islands Stepping stone needed for the allies return to Philippines Stepping stone needed for the allies return to Philippines Begins island hopping strategy that continues until the end of the war Begins island hopping strategy that continues until the end of the war

Island hopping Taking an island near to Japanese held island to attack other island and work toward Japan Taking an island near to Japanese held island to attack other island and work toward Japan Iwo Jima and Okinawa were two islands important to the taking of Japan Iwo Jima and Okinawa were two islands important to the taking of Japan Lost 5000 American lives- Mt. Suribachi on Iwo Jima Lost 5000 American lives- Mt. Suribachi on Iwo Jima Okinawa was one of costliest battle in ships and lives Okinawa was one of costliest battle in ships and lives Japanese use Kama Kasi Japanese use Kama Kasi 11,260 killed 33,000 wounded 100,000 Japanese 11,260 killed 33,000 wounded 100,000 Japanese

Manhattan project Took about 3 years Took about 3 years cost 2 billion cost 2 billion first explosion July 16, 1945 first explosion July 16, 1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Yalta decided how to divide up Europe decided how to divide up Europe decided on U.N. decided on U.N. Russia promises to fight Japan within 2-3 months after defeat of Germany. Russia will get Sackaline Islands Kuril Islands 2 ports Russia promises to fight Japan within 2-3 months after defeat of Germany. Russia will get Sackaline Islands Kuril Islands 2 ports