Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices Chapter 3

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Hardware Components Central processing unit (CPU) Primary storage (main memory; memory) Secondary storage Input devices Output devices

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Hardware Components

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Hardware Components in Action Step 1: Fetch instruction Step 2: Decode instruction Step 3: Execute the instruction Step 4: Store results

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Hardware Components in Action

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Processing & Memory Devices

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Processing Characteristics and Functions Machine cycle time is measured in: –Microseconds (1 millionth) –Nanoseconds (1 billionth) –Picoseconds (1 trillionth) –MIPS (Millions of Instructions Processed per Second)

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Processing Characteristics and Functions Clock speed: electronic pulses affecting machine cycle time –Hertz: one cycle (pulse) per second –Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second –Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second Microcode: internal, predefined elementary operations in a CPU

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Clock Speed

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Wordlength and Bus Line Width Bits (Binary Digits): smallest form of data in a computer Word: number of bits that can be processed as a unit Bus lines: electrical paths of data flow

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Physical Characteristics of the CPU Digital circuits on chips Electrical current flows through silicon Moore’s Law - transistor density of chips will double every 18 months

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Physical Characteristics of the CPU Superconductivity - property of certain metals that allows current to flow with minimal electrical resistance Optical processors - uses light waves instead of electrical current

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Moore’s Law

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Complex and Reduced Instruction Set Computing Complex instruction set computing (CISC) - places as many microcode instructions into the central processor as possible Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) - involves reducing the number of microcode instructions built into a chip to an essential set of common microcode instructions

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Memory Characteristics and Functions

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Storage Capacity

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Types of Memory

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Types of RAM EDO (Extended Data Out) DRAM (Dynamic RAM) SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Types of ROM ROM (read-only memory) PROM (programmable read-only memory) EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory)

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Cache Memory

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Multiprocessing Speeds processing by linking hundreds and even thousands of processors to operate at the same time Can coordinate large amounts of data and access them with greater speed

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Massively Parallel Processing

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Secondary Storage

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Secondary Storage Offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy Access methods, storage capacities, and portability required are determined by the information system’s objectives

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Secondary Storage

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Access Methods Sequential: records must be retrieved in order –Devices used are called sequential access storage devices (SASD) Direct: records can be retrieved in any order –Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs)

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Devices Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks RAID Storage area networks (SAN) Optical disks Magneto-optical (MO) disks Digital versatile disks (DVDs)

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Types of Secondary Storage

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Magnetic Disks

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Storage Area Network

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Digital Versatile Disk

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Additional Devices and Media Memory cards Flash memory Expandable storage

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Expandable Storage

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Characteristics and Functionality Data - can be human or machine readable Data entry - converts human readable data into machine-readable form Data input - transfers machine-readable data into the system Source data automation - capturing and editing data at its source

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Input and Output Devices

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Input Devices Personal computer input devices –Keyboard –Mouse Voice-recognition devices Digital cameras Terminals

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Digital Computer Cameras

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Device

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Output Devices Display monitors Printers and plotters Music devices Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) –Active matrix –Passive matrix

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Printers

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Computer System Types

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Computer System Types

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Standards

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Standards

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems Hard drive considerations Main memory considerations Printer considerations

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Price List

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Summary Hardware - includes any machinery that assists with the input, processing, and output activities of a CBIS Processing speed - often measured by the time it takes to complete one machine cycle Primary storage (memory) - provides working storage for program instructions and data Common forms of secondary storage - magnetic tape, magnetic disk, compact disk, digital video disk, and optical disk storage