1. Principles of Information Systems Eighth Edition
Hardware:
Input, Processing, and
Output Devices
Principles of Information Systems Eighth Edition

2. Learning Objectives
Describe how to select and organize computer hardware components to support information system (IS) objectives and business needs
Describe the power, speed, and capacity of central processing and memory devices
Describe the access methods, capacity, and portability of secondary storage devices
Discuss the speed, functionality, and importance of input and output devices
Identify popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

3. Why Learn About Hardware?
Can improve productivity, increase revenue, reduce costs, and provide better service
Managers are expected to know about hardware
To help define business needs
To ask questions and evaluate options when buying equipment
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

4. Introduction
Hardware: any machinery (most of which use digital circuits) that assists in the input, processing, storage, and output activities of an information system
When making hardware decisions, businesses must consider how the hardware can support:
Objectives of the information system
Goals of the organization
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

5. Hardware Devices Analogy: A Paper-Based Office
Register Storage
Output
Primary Storage
Secondary Storage
Input
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

6. Figure 3.1: Hardware Components
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

7. Hardware Components in Action
Execution of machine-level instruction
Phase 1 : Instruction Phase – Fetch and Decode
Phase 2 : Execution Phase – Execute and Store
I-time: the time taken to perform phase 1
E-time: the time taken to perform phase 2
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

8. Hardware Components in Action
Figure 3.2: Execution of an Instruction
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

9. Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed, and Capacity
System unit
Houses the components responsible for processing (the CPU and memory)
All other computer system devices are linked either directly or indirectly into the system unit housing
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

10. Processing Characteristics and Functions
Computer execute an instruction during a machine cycle
Completing the instruction and execution phase – make up one machine cycle
Machine cycle time is measured in:
Nanoseconds (1 billionth of a second)
Picoseconds (1 trillionth of a second)
MIPS (millions of instructions per second)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

11. Processing Characteristics and Functions (continued)
Clock speed: series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time
Often measured in:
Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second
Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second
Microcode: predefined, elementary circuits and logical operations that the processor performs when it executes an instruction
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

12. Physical Characteristics of the CPU
Collection of digital circuits on chips
Electrical current flows through silicon – to turn the digital circuit on or off
Gordon Moore – former Intel’s chairman hypothesised that progress in chip manufacturing: transistor density of chips will double every 18 months (Moore’s Law)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

13. Physical Characteristics of the CPU (continued)
Figure 3.3: Moore’s Law
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

14. Memory Characteristics and Functions
Main memory
Located physically close to the CPU, but not on the CPU chip itself
Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

15. Table 3.1: Computer Storage Units
Storage Capacity
Table 3.1: Computer Storage Units
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

16. Figure 3.4: Basic Types of Memory Chips
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

17. Types of Memory (Cash Memory)
Figure 3.5: Cache Memory
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

18. Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time
Multiprocessing using coprocessors
Coprocessor: speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

19. Parallel Computing
Parallel computing: simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster
Massively parallel processing:
Speeds processing by linking hundreds or thousands of processors to operate at the same time, or in parallel
Each processor has its own bus, memory, disks, copy of the operating system, and applications
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

20. Parallel Computing (continued)
2 different approaches to achieving parallel computing
Single instruction/multiple data (SIMD) parallel processors
Multiple instruction/multiple data (MIMD) parallel processors
Grid computing: use of a collection of computers, often owned by multiple individuals or organizations, to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

21. Secondary Storage Permanent storage
Compared with memory, offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy
Selection of secondary storage : access methods, storage capacities, and portability required - determined by the information system’s objectives
Example: credit card company
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

22. Access Methods Two types of access methods
Sequential access: records must be retrieved in order in which it’s stored
Devices used are called sequential access storage devices (SASDs)
Direct access: records can be retrieved in any order
Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

23. Devices Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks Optical disks
Digital video disk (DVD)
Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
Memory cards
Flash memory
RAID
Virtual tape
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

24. Magnetic Tapes Sequential secondary storage medium
Primarily for storing backups
Tapes similar to audio and videocassettes
Portion of tapes are magnetized to represent bits
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

25. Magnetic Disks Direct access storage medium e.g. diskette, hard disks
Allows fast data retrieval
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

26. Optical Disc
Data is recorded by special lasers that physically burn pits in the disk.
Data accessed – optical disc device (compact disk player)
e.g. CD-ROM – 740MB, CD-RW
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

27. DVD and HVD DVD (Digital Video Disc)
Looks like a CD but more storage capacity ~ 135min of digital video.
Software, video games, movies
HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)
Advanced optical disk – ongoing research
Hold 200GB of data
Write data 10 times faster than DVD
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

28. Memory cards Functions as a hard disk drive
Portable, relatively easy to use
Need to use memory card reader/writer
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

29. Flash Memory A silicon computer chip
Keeps its memory when the power is shut off
“Flash” – the memory cell is erased or reprogrammed in a single action or flash
e.g. – Migo – keychain device, comes with software that captures files and settings from , word processing, web browser, presentation programs.
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

30. RAID and Virtual Tape Storage technologies RAID – Virtual Tape
Redundant array of independent /inexpensive disks
duplicate existing data on drives, provides exact copy, store on different physical disk drives
Virtual Tape
manages less frequently needed data
Move data to less costly storage media
Software – virtual tape server
Vendor – IBM and Storage Technology
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

31. Enterprise Storage Options
Needs to store massive amount of data
3 forms:
Attached storage
tape, hard disks, optical devices
Simple, cost effective - single users and small groups
Not allowed share storage
Network-attached storage (NAS)
Storage devices attach to a network
Users can share and access same information
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

32. Enterprise Storage Options (continued)
Storage area network (SAN)
Special purpose, high speed network
Provides direct connections between data-storage devices and computer
Integrates different types of storage subsystems
Figure 3.9: Storage Area Network (SAN)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

33. Input and Output Devices: The Gateway to Computer Systems
Through input and output devices, people provide data and instructions to the computer and receive results from it
Selection of input and output devices depends on organizational goals and IS objectives
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

34. Characteristics and Functionality
Nature of data- data can be human-readable or machine-readable
Data entry: converts human-readable data into machine-readable form
Data input: transfers machine-readable data into system
Source data automation: capturing and editing data where the data is initially created and in a form that can be directly input to a computer
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

35. Input Devices Personal computer input devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Speech-recognition technology
Input devices that recognize human speech
e.g. automate account identification process
Digital cameras
Terminals
Input and display devices that perform data entry and input at same time
Office, warehouse, factory
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

36. Input Devices (continued)
Scanning devices
Optical data readers
Special scanner
OMR – standardized tests
OCR – convert handwritten to typed doc into digital data
Magnetic stripe card
Swipe card
Point-of-sale (POS) devices
Used in retail operations to enter sales
information
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

37. Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices
A system for reading banking data quickly
Use special ink readable by people and computers
e.g. bank check
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

38. Input Devices (continued)
Automated teller machine (ATM) devices
Pen input devices
Touch-sensitive screens
Bar-code scanners
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

39. Output Devices Display monitors Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
Printers and plotters
Digital audio player
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

40. Special-Purpose Input and Output Devices
Computer-based navigation systems
GPSs (Global positioning system), satellite based radio navigating system
Guide to specific destination
Multiple function printers
Print, copy, fax,scan
Eyebud screens
Portable media devices
Display video in front of one eye
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

41. Computer System Types, Selection, and Upgrading
Computer classification:
Special-purpose computers: used for limited applications by military and scientific research groups
General-purpose computers:
used for a wide variety of applications
Single user at a time, multiple concurrent users
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

42. Computer System Types
Handheld computers – single user, small size, portable
Portable computers
– laptops, notebooks, tablet
Thin client
Low-cost, no extra drives, limited capabilities
Desktop computers
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

43. Computer System Types (continued)
Workstations – more powerful than personal computer, similar size to desktop, heavy mathematical computing, CAD.
Servers – to perform special tasks, e.g. running network or Internet application.
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

44. Computer System Types (continued)
Mainframe computers – large, powerful computer, shared by hundreds of concurrent users, connected via terminals
Supercomputers
most powerful computers, fastest processing speed, highest performance.
Special purpose machines – weather forecast, military application, simulation of golf club designs.
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

45. Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems
Dispose of old equipment properly
Consider factors such as speed, cost, and performance when upgrading
Hard drive
Main memory
Printer
DVD burners
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

46. Summary
Hardware: machinery that assists in the input, processing, storage, and output activities of an information system
Hardware components: central processing unit (CPU), input and output devices, communications devices, primary storage devices, and secondary storage devices
Random access memory (RAM): temporary and volatile
ROM (read-only memory): nonvolatile
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

47. Summary (continued)
Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time
Sequential access: records must be retrieved in order
Direct access: records can be retrieved in any order
Examples of secondary storage devices: magnetic tapes and disks, DVDs, memory cards, etc.
Enterprise storage options: attached storage, network-attached storage (NAS), and storage area network (SAN)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

48. Summary (continued)
Examples of input devices: keyboards, mice, voice-recognition devices, terminals, scanning devices, and touch-sensitive screens
Examples of output devices: display monitors, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), printers, and plotters
Computers can be classified as either special-purpose or general-purpose
Computer system types: handheld computers, portable computers, desktop computers, workstations, servers, etc.
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition