Domain III Life Science

Cells Unicellular Organisms – one cell Example: Bacteria, some Protists Multicellular Organisms – more than one cell Example: All animals and plants. These organisms are arranged in levels of organization: Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ System Organism

Characteristics of living organisms and the Cell Theory Characteristics of a cell: take in energy, obtain and use energy, reproduce,maintain homeostasis, and pass on characteristics to offspring through genes. Make it simple all organisms must metabolize, reproduce, grow, movement, respond, and generally have complex organization. Cell Theory states: All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic Cells Simple cellular organization with no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Example: Bacteria Diseases caused by bacteria: Cholera, diphtheria, Dysentery, Tetanus, and Tooth Decay.

Eukaryotic Cells Domain: Eukarya Found in kingdoms Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia (Cell Shown)

Eukaryotic Cells – Complex Cellular Organization Membrane Organelles: Nucleus – DNA/Chromosomes Rough ER – Protein Synthesis(ribosomes attached) Smooth ER – lipids synthesis Golgi Apparatus – packaging

And more organelles: Mitochondria – ATP production Ribosomes – Protein Synthesis Peroxisome – involved in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and degradation

What is unique to: Animal Cells: Lysosomes – contain digestive enzymes. Centrioles – used in cellular division. Plants Cells: Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis Cell Wall – formed of proteins and cellulose and lies outside of the plasma membrane

Questions ?????? What is a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? A. Eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane. B. Organelles are found only in prokaryotes. C. The cells of prokaryotes only contain cytoplasm. D. Prokaryotes contain an endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 2 A disease not caused by bacteria A. Tetanus B. Strep Throat C. Dysentery D. HIV

Question 3 Match the function to the organelle: Ribosome A. Packaging Mitochondria B. Lipid Synthesis Smooth ER C. Protein Synthesis Golgi Appartus D. Cellullar Respiration

Question 3 Match the function to the organelle: Ribosome A. Packaging Mitochondria B. Lipid Synthesis Smooth ER C. Protein Synthesis Golgi Appartus D. Cellular Respiration C D B A

Cellular Transport Active Transport – Requires energy – Membrane Pumps – moves materials opposite to diffusion or against the gradient. Endocytosis – Two types: Phagocytosis – solids Pinocytosis – liquids Exocytosis – expel materials from the cell

Passive Transport – relies on thermal energy of matter and the cell does not work (No energy “ATP” used – High Concentration to Low Concentration). Four types: Diffusion (usually solutes) Facilitated Diffusion – membrane enzyme carries the substance Osmosis – diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane (usually solvent due to solute concentration) Bulk flow – movement of fluids affected by pressure.

Question 4 The use of transport vesicles and energy to move large solid materials into a cell is called? A. Bulk Flow B. Exocytosis C. Phagocytosis D. Osmosis

Question 5 Which of the following is an example of osmosis? A. The movement of ions from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. B. The movement of ions from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. C. The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. D. The movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration.

Question 6 What happens to a cell when particles move out of the cell through facilitated diffusion? A. The cell gains energy. B. The cell uses energy. C. No energy change takes place. D. The cell produces energy.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis – First Stage Light Dependent Reactions: The captured light energy is transferred to electrons that come from H2O and O2 is the byproduct. ATP is produced

Second Stage of Photosynthesis: Light Independent Reactions: Energized electrons are transferred to CO2 to form glucose in the Calvin-Benson Cycle. Autotrophs use the energy from the sun to make organic compounds and are the basis of all terrestrial and most aquatic food chains.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Highly energized electrons stored temporarily in glucose are removed (oxidation reactions) in a stepwise fashion to maximize energy captured at each step. All organisms must use energy and the energy is in the form of ATP.

Stage 1: Glycolysis Anaerobic process in the cytoplasm in which glucose is oxidized to two pyruvates. Both pyruvates are 3-Carbon. All organisms complete glycolysis using enzymes.

Step 2: Krebs Cycle Occurs in the Mitochondria Aerobic process that oxidizes pyruvate to CO2 and H+ are released to Hydrogen acceptor molecules.

Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain Electrons from the hydrogen are used to create a chemical gradient resulting in an osmotic gradient that is used to resynthesize ATP from ADP + 1P After electrons are used they are transferred to Oxygen to form H2O. Also called oxidative phosphorylation.

Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Question 7 What two products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration? A. Glucose and oxygen B. Glucose and water C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide D. Sunlight and oxygen

Question 8 In what stage of photosynthesis is the molecule CO2 fixed in to the energy molecule glucose? A. Glycolysis B. Krebs Cycle C. Calvin Cycle D. Light Dependent Reactions

Question 9 Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in all organisms under anaerobic conditions? A. Glycolysis B. Krebs Cycle C. Electron Transport Chain D. Calvin Cycle

Question 10 What organelles are involved in the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? A. Chloroplast and Ribosomes B. Chloroplast and Golgi Apparatus C. Chloroplast and Endoplasmic Reticulum D. Chloroplast and Mitochondria

Chromosomes, Genes, and Protein Synthesis DNA and RNA Chromosomes, Genes, and Protein Synthesis

Nucleic Acids DNA Nucleus – Eukaryotic Cells Functional Unit – Nucleotide composed of phosphate group, sugar – Deoxyribose, and nitrogen base Bases are Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Thymine(T), and Cytosine(C) RNA Coded from the DNA molecule and is used in protein synthesis Single strand Functional unit – Nucleotide composed of a phosphate group, sugar – Ribose, and nitrogen base Contains Uracil(U) rather than Thymine.

DNA

DNA - Facts DNA is a double helix molecule similar to a spiral stair case or a twisted ladder with the sides formed by repeating sugar-phosphate groups of nucleotides, and the horizontal portions (rungs of the ladder) formed by hydrogen bonds involving Adenine(A) to Thymine(T) or Cytosine(C) to Guanine(G). Hereditary information (genes) are found along the linear sequence of nucleotides in the DNA molecule.

RNA - Facts RNA is a single strand with sugar – phosphate repeating units that is coded directly from a gene on the DNA molecule. There are three types of RNA molecules: Messenger RNA (mRNA) – coded from the DNA carrying the sequence for a protein. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes and contains the anticodon sequence Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – located in the ribosomes and helps bind the other two types of RNA during protein synthesis.

DNA Replication (Semiconservative) Important allows cells to pass genetic information on to offspring. Errors in the process results in mutations. Remember A – T and G – C.

Steps for replication: Step 1: DNA’s double helix is unzipped between base pairs by breaking the hydrogen bonds using DNA helicase(enzyme). Step 2: Pairing of new nucleotides using DNA polymerase with the proper bases, ie: A with T and C with G on each separated side of the original DNA. At the conclusion of this process two strands of DNA molecules are formed with one half consisting of the original and a new strand (semiconservative).

Question 11 The functional unit of both DNA and RNA is the nucleotide. What comprises the nucleotide? A. Sugar, Protein, and a Base B. Sugar, Phosphate, and a Base C. Sugar, Protein, and a Ribosome D. Sugar, Phosphate, and a Ribosome

Question 12 Which sequence of bases will pair with the base sequence CTAGGATTC in a DNA molecule? A. GATCCTAAG B. ATGTTGCCA C. CTAGGATTC D. GAATCCTAG

Question 13 The enzyme responsible for the attaching of new nucleotides to form new strands during DNA replication is? A. DNA helicase B. DNA pairase C. DNA polymerase D. DNA replicase

Question 14 Which RNA molecule has the anticodon sequence? A. Messenger B. Transfer C. Ribosomal D. DNA

Protein Synthesis – 2 steps Transcription – nucleus DNA  mRNA Translation – cytoplasm mRNA  rRNA  tRNA  protein

mRNA leaves the nucleus. Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. DNA nucleotide sequence  mRNA Steps: Messenger (m)RNA is copied from DNA, by unzipping a portion of the DNA helix that corresponds to a gene using RNA polymerase. Only one side of the DNA will be transcribed, and nucleotides with the proper bases (A with U and C with G) will be sequenced to build mRNA. mRNA leaves the nucleus.

Translation – occurs in the cytoplasm with ribosomes forming proteins mRNA  rRNA  tRNA  proteins Steps: mRNA attached to a ribosome tRNA molecules pick up an amino acid and carry them to the ribosome. tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon join together As the amino acid chain lengthens enzymes form peptide bonds between amino acids. The tRNA exit to locate a new amino acid and this process continues until the stop codon is reached.

Overview of Protein Synthesis

Question 15 DNA  RNA  Protein In the diagram above, what is the function of RNA? A. Carry the set of instructions that replicates another DNA molecule in the protein chain. B. Carry the set of instructions that places amino acids in the protein chain. C. Carry the set of instructions that places phosphate molecules in the protein chain. D. Carry the set of instructions that bonds hydrogen to the protein chain

Question 16 What is the process in which mRNA is coded from the DNA and in what part of an eukaryotic cell does it occur? A. Transcription, Nucleus B. Transcription, Cytoplasm C. Translation, Nucleus D. Translation, Cytoplasm

Question 17 Looking at the picture to the right, what type of RNA is shown? A. mRNA B. tRNA C. rRNA D. sRNA

Question 18 The DNA sequence, GATTACACG, would code which of the following mRNA sequence? A. CTAATGTGC B. CTUUTGTGC C. CATATGTGC D. CUAAUGUGC

Question 19 What process is being shown in the diagram to the left? A. Transcription B. Translation C. Replication D. Selection

Mutations Any random, permanent change in the DNA molecule. Many are harmful, some have no effect, and some benefit the organism. Nature selects those mutations that are beneficial or adaptive in organisms to help shape the course of evolution. DNA sequence: GCATACCA Types of mutations: Deletion – lost base  GC*TACCA Duplication – extra copies  GCATCATACCA Inversion – backwards  CGATACCA

Question 20 If the DNA sequence was ATGCTGGC, what type of mutation is shown in the following sequence, ATGCGCTGGC, A. Deletion B. Duplication C. Inversion D. Replication

The Science of Taxonomy Classification The Science of Taxonomy

5 Kingdom vs 6 Kingdom 5 Kingdoms: Monera (prokaryotic), Protista (eukaryotic), Fungi* (eukaryotic), Plantae* (eukaryotic), Animalia (eukaryotic) 6Kingdoms: Eubacteria (prokaryotic), Archaebacteria (prokaryotic), Protista (eukaryotic), Fungi* (eukaryotic), Plantae* (eukaryotic), Animalia (eukaryotic) * Cell Wall Present (Chitin in Fungi and Cellulose in Plantae) What is the difference: Monera has been split into the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. What no Viruses?

Viruses

Viruses Viruses are either a segment of DNA or RNA with a protein coat and are acellular. (Does not meet the life processes) Infection pattern of viruses is either lytic or lysogenic. Lysogenic pattern has a dormancy stage. Vaccinations is the most effective defense against viral infections. Antibiotics CANNOT treat viral infections. Viral Diseases: AIDS, Chickenpox, Common Cold, Hepatitis, Flu, Measles, Mumps, Polio, Rabies, Smallpox, Warts, and West Nile Virus. Viruses that infect bacteria are Bacteriophage.

Question 21 How are viruses different from living organisms? A. Viruses have no DNA or RNA. B. Viruses use host cells to reproduce. C. Viruses contain no proteins. D. Viruses can be killed by antibiotics.

Question 22 Which kingdom is a decomposer and has a cell wall composed of chitin? A. Protista B. Animalia C. Plantae D. Fungi

Question 23 Which of the following is NOT an effective viral disease treatment or prevention? A. Antibiotics B. Flu Vaccine C. Control of animals that carry rabies D. Avoiding close contact with people who have colds.

Evolution Theory of Evolution includes: Variation exist within the genes of a population, some organisms are better suited to survive and reproduce, and resources are limited. Evidence of evolution include: fossils, DNA sequence, Anatomical similarities, and Physiological similarities.

Ecology Autotrophs or producers are organisms that capture sunlight or other organic molecules to form an organic molecules. Photosynthesis. Examples: plants, algae, and bacteria Heterotrophs or consumers are organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy(food). Examples: Fungi, bacteria, animals.

Heterotrophs Relationship Herbivore – Animals that eat only plants (Cows) Carnivore – Animals that eat only other animals (Lions) Omnivore – Animals that eat both plant and animal matter (Humans) Detritivores – obtain energy from dead organisms and organic waste. (Earthworms and fungi) Decomposers – are detritivores that cause decay. (Bacteria and fungi)

Symbiosis Relatioships Symbiosis is a close relationship between two organisms that are different species. Commensalism – one organism benefits and the other does not benefit nor is harmed. Ex:Clown Fish and Sea Anemone (Finding Nemo) Mutualism – both species benefit. Ex: Lichens (which are fungi and algae) Parasitism – one organism lives directly on other organism. Ex: Tapeworm and Humans Predation – one organism captures and eating another. Ex: Gazelle and Lion

Energy and Matter in the Ecosystem Matter is recycled through the ecosystem, where energy is lost between the trophic levels. Food Chain – shows direct relationships PlantsGrasshopperBlue Jay Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer (3 trophic levels) Food Web – interrelationships within an ecosystem between producers, consumers, and decomposers.

Biogeochemical Cycles Water Cycle – Evaporation and Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation, and Runoff Carbon Cycle – Photosynthesis/Cell Respiration Nitrogen Cycle – Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, Assimilation, and Denitrification

Question 24 Algae  Krill  Cod  Leopard Seal Which term describes the algae in the food chain above? A. Decomposers B. Consumers C. Producers D. Herbivores

Question 25 Which of the following is not recycled through the environment? A. Energy B. Carbon C. Nitrogen D. Water

Question 26 Which form of interaction takes place when a killer whale devours a seal? A. Commensalism B. Mutualism C. Predation D. Parasitism

Question 27 Which process does not return carbon to the environment? A. Burning of fossil fuels B. Photosynthesis C. Cellular Respiration D. Decay

Human Systems

Four Types of Tissues Epithelial – lines the body surfaces. Continuously replaced. Nervous – carries information throughout the body. Connective – supports, protects, and insulates the body. (Blood, bone, fat, and cartilage) Muscle – movement (Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal)

Integumentary System Structures: Skin, Hair, and Nails Function: Protects the body from injury, defense against pathogens, regulate body temperature, and prevents the body from drying out.

Skeletal System Structures: Bones, joints Function: Provide protection to internal organs and work with muscles for movement. Tendons attach muscles to bone. Ligaments connect bone to bone and limit the movement of bones. Joints include Ball and socket(hip), pivot(neck), hinge(fingers), gliding(wrist), and saddle(thumb only).

Circulatory System Structures: Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels. Heart – 4 chambers, atrium(2) receives blood and ventricles(2) pump blood Blood – composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Blood Vessels – arteries, veins, and capillaries Function: connects all organs in the body and transports material throughout the body. Pulmonary – Heart to Lungs & Systemic – Heart to Body

Pathway of blood through the heart Vena Cava (blood from the body)  Right Atrium  Right Ventricle  Pulmonary Artery  Lung  Pulmonary Vein  Left Artium  Left Ventricle  Aorta Pathway of blood through the blood vessels: Arteries  Arterioles  Capillaries  Venules  Vein

Respiratory System Structures: Diaphragm, Lungs, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Alveoli Function: Works with the circulatory system to transport oxygen to the cells of the body for cellular respiration and the removal of carbon dioxide. Pathway of air: Pharynx Larynx TracheaBronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Exchange occurs between the alveoli and capillaries

Digestive System Structures and Pathway: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, and Rectum. Accessory Organs: Liver, Pancreas, and Salivary Glands. Function: To break down large organic molecules in food to usable smaller molecules. Steps: Ingestion  Digestion  Absorption  Elimination

Excretory System Structure: Kidney, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra Function: The removal (excretion) of water soluble waste in blood from chemical activities in cells including ammonia from metabolism of proteins. Two Steps: Filtration and Reabsorption

Nervous System Structures: Neurons, brain, and spinal cord. Function: Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body. Uses both chemical and electrical signals. Electrical impulse move DendriteCell Body Axon (neurotransmitter)  Dendrite Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers Central Nervous System – Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System - Nerves

Immune System Function: To protect the body from disease causing agents (pathogens). Nonspecific defenses: Skin, Inflammatory response, histamine, tears, and increase in temperature. White Blood Cells – 3 types – Neutrophils, Macrophages, and Killer T Cells

Endocrine System Structure: Glands and Hormones Function: Regulate the activity of the body using hormones. Endocrine glands produce hormones and are secrete directly into the blood or fluid around cells. Gland and Hormone: Adrenal–adrenaline, Ovaries-estrogen, Pancreas–insulin, and Testes–testerone

Reproductive System Function: Reproduction of offspring Male Reproductive System: Testes produces sperm (haploid cell 23 chromosomes) Female Reproductive System: Ovaries produce ova (haploid cell 23 chromosomes), fallopian tube (fertilization occurs) and uterus (embryo development).

Question 28 Which structure in the digestive system is primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients? A. Mouth B. Stomach C. Small Intestines D. Rectum

Question 29 What is the correct order of the digestive process? A. Elimination, Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption B. Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination C. Ingestion, Absorption, Digestion, Elimination D. Digestion, Elimination, Absorption, Ingestion

Question 30 Which statement describes the interaction between two different body systems? A. Muscles move when a nerve impulse is received from motor nerves. B. Cells produced in the inner layer of the epidermis move upward toward the outer layer of skin. C. Air filtered and warmed in the nose. D. Macrophages attack and kill invading pathogens.

Question 31 Which statement best describes the interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system in humans? A. The central nervous system controls the peripheral nervous system. B. The peripheral nervous system controls the central nervous system. C. Both systems are controlled by the endocrine system. D. The systems work independently.

Question 32 Where does fertilization of the ova occur in humans? A. Ovary B. Fallopian Tubes C. Uterus D. Vagina

Question 33 What two systems work directly together in movement of a muscle? A. Endocrine and Muscular B. Digestive and Muscular C. Circulatory and Muscular D. Nervous and Muscular

Question 34 Which organ below is not responsible for the removal of waste from the human body? A. Stomach B. Lungs C. Skin D. Kidneys Lungs remove carbon dioxide, sweat produce by the skin removes various waste and the kidneys removes urea.

Question 35 When oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and the alveoli, which two systems are interacting? A. Circulatory and Digestive B. Respiratory and Endocrine C. Circulatory and Respiratory D. Endocrine and Digestive

Plants Just the facts

Basic Organs of Plants Roots – Anchorage and Absorption Stems – Supports leaves Leaves – Photosynthesis Flowers – Reproduction ( found only in Angiosperms)

Nonvascular Plants Nonvascular plants lack roots, stems, and leaves. Examples: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts

Vascular Plants Vascular tissues are xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves for photosynthesis. Phloem transports sap (sugar and water) from the leaves to other areas of the plants. Vascular Plants include Gymnosperms (pine trees) and Angiosperms (flowering plants).

Plant Responses to the Environment Responses to the environment by plants are due to tropisms. Tropisms are either positive or negative, depending on if the plant bends toward or away from the stimulus. Examples: Phototropism – sunlight Thigmotropism – touch Photoperiodism – length of sunlight to darkness/flowering

Question 36 When a plant grows toward light, which tropism is shown? A. Thigmotropism B. Photoperiodism C. Guttation D. Phototropism

Question 37 Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts are examples of A. Nonvascular Plants B. Vascular Plants C. Gymnosperms D. Angiosperms

Question 38 Plants have adaptations that increase their chance of survival. For example, when the leaves of a mimosa plant are touched, all of the leaves fold up. A valid conclusion about this adaptation is that mimosa plants developed this response as protection against A. Too much light B. Leaf-eating animals C. Cold temperatures D. Dry Weather