Chapter 11

Meso- Americ a S.A. Food Productio n Socio- political Organization ReligionTechnologySacrifice Archaic 7000 B.C B.C.E Hunt & Gather Small Groups Family Animal gods Hunting tools & No weaving & Simple Pottery Little Sacrifice PreClassic 2500 B.C.E1 00 B.C.E OlmecsChavinFirst Farmers Religious Social Class & Buildings Fertility gods Basic Building & Farming Tools Little Sacrifice Classical 100 B.C.E C.E. Mayan & Teotihuacan Moche & Tiwanaku & Wari Advanced Farming Elaborated Cities & Social Class Nature Fertility & Academic gods Advanced Building & Farming Sacrifice of Elite- Slavery for Common ers Post- Classic al 1000 C.E. – 1492 C.E. Toltec & Aztec Inca Overpopulated War/Empire Military Conques t & State Kings War gods Large Urban Center Lots of Sacrifice

Classical Mesoamerica Part I  Teotihuacan  Large city  Socially stratified living areas  Temples-human sacrifice  Chinampas  Focus on trade rather than conquest  Ruled by trade-families

Classical Mesoamerica Part II: The Maya  Culturally unified but politically divided into city states  Large scale building programs  Terrace farming, irrigation, and draining swamps  Conquest was for people not land  Slaves or sacrifice  Elite women were significant in religion  Blood letting  Calendar, math, and writing  Mysteriously disappeared

The Mayans

-Polythiestic -Maya culture influenced by Olmec civilization -Maya build spectacular cities -Cities, like Tikal, have pyramids, temples, palaces, stone carvings -Played ritual ball game -Practiced human sacrifice and blood letting -Maya believe in many gods, who could be good, evil, or both -Advances in calendar, math, astronomy -Writing system has 800 glyphs—symbols

Teotihuacán  Dominated by religious structures, including pyramids and temples where human sacrifice was carried out  Agricultural innovations including irrigation works and chinampas  Pottery and obsidian tools and weapons

Post Classical Mesoamerica Part I  The Toltecs  Culture based on Teotihuacan  Made advancement in War  Conquest state  Tula  Duel kings

Post Classical Mesoamerica Part II  The Aztecs  Lake Texcoco  Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco around 1325  Conquest state  Huge social and political stratification  Large agricultural advancements but still need food from conquered people  Very basic technology  Large amounts of human sacrifice

Classical Andean Civilization Part I  Moche  Used the mit’a  clan (ayllu).  Theocracy  Men hunted and war  Women cared for crops and home  Elite lived in elaborate palaces  Workers supplied labor  Skilled artist  Textiles, vases, metallurgy  Chimú  Trade based empire  Elaborate burials  Elites had incredible luxury

Classical Andean Civilization Part II  Tiwanaku  Increased food production  Large urban construction  Pyramids  Socially stratified  Elaborate arts and crafts  Wari  More militaristic  Less planned out cities  Less wealthy and advancements

Moche  used the mit’a labor system to construct an extensive irrigated agriculture  Elite lived in platforms and decorated themselves with magnificent clothing, jewelry, and tall headdresses.  Moche artisans were skilled in the production of textiles, portrait vases, and metallurgy.  Gold and silver were used for decorative purposes, copper and copper alloy for farm tools and weapons.

Chimu  Leaders had many luxury goods and elaborate burial compounds.

Tiwanaku  Cultivated potatoes and grains on raised fields reclaimed from marshland.  Tiwanaku’s urban construction included a large terraced pyramid, walled enclosures, and a reservoir.  Construction was done with large stones quarried, moved, and laid by thousands of laborers working with simple technology and copper alloy tools.  Tiwanaku society was highly stratified, ruled by a hereditary elite, and included specialized artisans.

Wari  Elaborate cities with much less centralized planning that Tiwanaku

Post Classic Andean Civilization  The Inca  Strong professional military  Conquered trade routes and land  Used the Mit’a  Left local rulers in power but held their children hostage  Cuzco was incredibly elaborate and decorative  Large amounts of sacrifice  Animals, objects, and people  Astronomy, metallurgy, weaving

Southwestern Desert Cultures  Anasazi developed  Used irrigation to farm in deserts  Used mud to build along mountains  Often build underground

Mound Builders: The Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian Cultures  Adena  The Hopewell  Ohio Valley  Hunting and gathering and supplemented by agriculture.  Built large earthen mounds  Cahokia  Cultural influenced by Hopewell  Mississippi

 Teotihuacan  Toltecs