Section 3-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Classical Greece During the Age of Pericles, Athens became the center of Greek culture.  Main Ideas Key Terms Age of Pericles  The creation of an Athenian empire led to war with Sparta.  direct democracy  ostracism

Section 3-2 Darius  People to Identify Asia Minor  Places to Locate Thebes  Macedonia Classical Greece Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Delos  Xerxes  Pericles 

Section 3-3 How did Pericles expand the involvement of Athenians in their democracy?  Preview Questions Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Classical Greece Why was trade highly important to the Athenian economy?

Section 3-4 Preview of Events Classical Greece

Section 3-5 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Section 3-6 Themistocles was the Athenian commander who defeated the Persians at Salamis. When he argued later that Athens should move its capital because of a possible attack by Sparta, the Athenian assembly ostracized him.

Section 3-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 121–122) The Greeks came into contact with the Persian Empire to the east.  The Challenge of Persia The Ionian Greek cities in western Asia Minor revolted unsuccessfully against the Persians in 499 B.C.  Darius, the Persian ruler, sought revenge.  In 490 B.C., the heavily outnumbered Athenians defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon, only 26 miles from Athens.

Section 3-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Challenge of Persia (cont.) After Darius died, Xerxes became the Persian king. Xerxes He vowed revenge, which caused the Athenians to rebuild their navy.  By 480 B.C., the Athenian fleet was about two hundred strong.  Xerxes invaded with a massive army: about 180,000 troops and thousands of warships and supply vessels.  Seven thousand Greeks held them off for two days at the pass of Thermopylae, until a traitor showed the Persians a mountain path to outflank the Greeks. (pages 121–122)

Section 3-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Athenians abandoned their city.  But near the island of Salamis, the swifter Greek navy outmaneuvered the Persian ships and defeated their navy.  A few months later, at Plataea, the Greeks formed their largest army ever and defeated the Persians. The Challenge of Persia (cont.) (pages 121–122)

Section 3-10 The Challenge of Persia (cont.) (pages 121–122) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The outnumbered Greeks defeated the Persians at Salamis because their ships were faster. What other wars show that mere size and strength do not always bring victory? Three examples are the British defeat of the Spanish Armada, the American colonists’ picking off the British troops marching in close order, and the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong guerrilla war against the United States.

Section 3-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 123) After the Persian defeat, Athens became the leader of the Greek world.  The Athenians formed a defensive alliance called the Delian League, headquartered on the island of Delos. The Growth of the Athenian Empire and The Age of Pericles

Section 3-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Growth of the Athenian Empire and The Age of Pericles (cont.) Under Athenian leadership, the league expelled the Persians from almost all the Greek city-states in the Aegean.  The League’s chief officials were Athenians, and its treasury was moved from Delos to Athens in 454 B.C.  By controlling the Delian League, the Athenians created an empire. (page 123)

Section 3-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Under Pericles, the prime figure in Athenian politics between 461 and 429 B.C., Athens expanded its empire.  Democracy and culture thrived at home.  This period, now called the Age of Pericles, was the height of Athenian power and brilliance. The Growth of the Athenian Empire and The Age of Pericles (cont.) (page 123)

Section 3-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Pericles turned Athens into a direct democracy.  The people participated in government decision making through mass meetings.  Every male citizen could participate in the general assembly and vote on major issues. The Growth of the Athenian Empire and The Age of Pericles (cont.) (page 123)

Section 3-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Most residents were not citizens, however.  Forty-three thousand male citizens over 18 made up the assembly, but only a few thousand attended regularly.  The assembly passed all laws, elected public officials, and decided on war and foreign policy.  Anyone could speak. The Growth of the Athenian Empire and The Age of Pericles (cont.) (page 123)

Section 3-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Pericles made lower-class male citizens eligible for public office, and he paid officeholders.  In these ways poor citizens could participate in political life.  Ten officials known as generals directed the policy of the Athenian government. The Growth of the Athenian Empire and The Age of Pericles (cont.) (page 123)

Section 3-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Athenians developed ostracism to protect themselves from overly ambitious politicians.  If six thousand assembly members voted so, a person was banned from the city for 10 years. The Growth of the Athenian Empire and The Age of Pericles (cont.) (page 123)

Section 3-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Pericles used the Delian League’s treasury to rebuild Athens after the Persians looted and burned it.  Athens became the center of Greek culture as art, architecture, and philosophy flourished.  Pericles boasted that Athens had become the “school of Greece.” The Growth of the Athenian Empire and The Age of Pericles (cont.) (page 123)

Section 3-19 Historians refer to the Age of Pericles as Greece’s “Golden Age.” Do you think they are justified in doing so? The Growth of the Athenian Empire and The Age of Pericles (cont.) (page 123)

Section 3-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 124) The Greek world came to be divided between the Athenian Empire and Sparta.  The Great Peloponnesian War Athens and Sparta had built very different kinds of societies, and Sparta and its allies feared the growth of the Athenian Empire.  After a series of disputes, the Great Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 B.C.

Section 3-21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Great Peloponnesian War (cont.) Athens planned to win by staying behind its walls and receiving supplies from its colonies and powerful navy.  The Spartans surrounded Athens and hoped the Athenian army would come out and fight.  Pericles knew that the Spartan army would win in open battle, so the Athenians stayed behind their walls. (page 124)

Section 3-22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 430 B.C., a plague broke out in Athens.  One third of the people were killed.  Pericles died in 429 B.C.  Nonetheless, the Athenians fought on for about another 25 years.  Athens was finally defeated in 405 B.C. when its navy was defeated.  Its walls were torn down, the Athenian Empire was destroyed, and the war ended. The Great Peloponnesian War (cont.) (page 124)

Section 3-23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Peloponnesian War weakened the Greek city-states and ruined cooperation among them.  For the next 66 years, Sparta, Athens, and Thebes struggled for domination.  These internal struggles caused the Greeks to ignore the growing power of Macedonia, an oversight that cost the Greeks their freedom. The Great Peloponnesian War (cont.) (page 124)

Section 3-24 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Great Peloponnesian War was a civil war. Even after they are over, civil wars can leave much disunity and disagreement. What is a contemporary problem in America left over from our Civil War? One continuing problem is prejudice and racism. The Great Peloponnesian War (cont.) (page 124)

Section 3-25 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 124–125) Athens had the largest population of any fifth-century B.C. Greek city-state, about 150,000 citizens and 35,000 foreigners before the plague of 430 B.C.  Daily Life in Classical Athens Only male citizens had political power.  Foreigners were protected by the laws and shared some responsibilities, such as military service and funding of festivals.

Section 3-26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Daily Life in Classical Athens (cont.) Athens also had about 100,000 slaves.  Slavery was common in the ancient world, and many Athenians owned at least one slave.  They worked in industry, the fields, and the household.  State-owned slaves worked on public construction projects. (pages 124–125)

Section 3-27 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Athenian economy was based largely on farming and trade.  Grapes and olives were cultivated for wine and olive oil.  Athens had to import from 50 to 80 percent of its grain, a basic item in the Athenian diet.  Trade was important, therefore.  Building its port at nearby Piraievs helped Athens become the leading trader it was in the fifth-century Greek world. Daily Life in Classical Athens (cont.) (pages 124–125)

Section 3-28 Daily Life in Classical Athens (cont.) (pages 124–125) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Women were citizens who could participate in religious festivals but had no other public life.  They could not own property beyond personal items, and always had a male guardian.  If they left the house, they had to have a companion.  An Athenian woman was expected to be a good wife, bear children, and keep up the household.  Girls did not get a formal education and married around 14 or 15.

Section 3-29 Daily Life in Classical Athens (cont.) (pages 124–125) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Why was denying women an education part of controlling them? People are controlled more easily if they do not think for themselves, and denying women an education was a way of making sure they would not think so much for themselves.

Section 3-30 __ 1.in ancient Athens, the process for temporarily banning ambitious politicians from the city by popular vote __ 2.a system of government in which the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings __ 3.the period between 461 and 429 B.C. when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power A.Age of Pericles B.direct democracy C.ostracism Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. C B A Checking for Understanding Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Section 3-31 Describe the system of direct democracy in Athens. Checking for Understanding Every male citizen over 18 participated in the governing assembly by voting on all major issues and electing public officials. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 3-32 Checking for Understanding Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Identify which Greek states struggled for power after the Great Peloponnesian War. What area to the north grew in power and threatened the freedom of the Greeks? Sparta, Athens, and Thebes struggled for power after the Great Peloponnesian War. Macedonia grew in power and threatened the freedom of the Greeks.

Section 3-33 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyze What is meant by the phrase “The Age of Pericles”? Pericles dominated Athenian politics between 461 and 429 B.C. This period was the height of Athenian power and brilliance.

Section 3-34 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Examine the bust of Thucydides shown on page 121 of your textbook. What does this sculpture tell you about the Greek view of the human individual? Compare this bust to artistic representations of people in earlier chapters of your text. What differences and similarities do you see? The bust is not stylized like many earlier pieces but reflects some of its subject’s traits and flaws. It implies that Greeks valued the individual.

Section 3-35 Close Identify developments from the Age of Pericles that have had an important impact on the United States.

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