HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY ► HISTORY- PAST EVENTS, ESPECIALLY THOSE INVOLVING HUMAN AFFAIRS. AN ACCOUNT OR RECORD OF PAST EVENTS THAT IS WRITTEN IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. ► GEOGRAPHY- THE STUDY OF PEOPLE, THEIR ENVIRONMENT, AND THEIR RESOURCES.

FACTS OF HISTORY ► WHERE (PLACE)- BOSTON,MASSACHUSETTS ► WHEN (DATE)- MARCH 5, 1770 ► WHO (NAMES OF PEOPLE)-CRISPUS ATTUCKS ► WHERE,WHEN,& WHO ARE THE ONLY THINGS THAT CAN BE FACTS!!!!!!!!!

HISTORY ► PREHISTORY- THE TIME PERIOD FOR WHICH THERE ARE NO WRIITEN MATERIAL. ► ORAL HISTORY- HISTORY OR TRADITION OF A PEOPLE HANDED DOWN FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER BY WORD OF MOUTH ► ARCHAEOLOGY- THE STUDY OF EVIDENCE LEFT BY EARLY PEOPLE IN ORDER TO FIND OUT ABOUT THEIR WAY OF LIFE. ► ARTIFACTS- OBJECTS MADE BY HUMANS. TOOLS, WEAPONS, BASKETS, & CARVINGS. ► CULTURE- THE WAY OF LIFE THAT A PEOPLE HAS DEVELOPED. IT INCLUDES THEIR HOMES, CLOTHING, ECONOMY, ARTS, GOVERNMENT, CUSTUMS,IDEAS, BELIEFS, & SKILLS.

CHRONOLOGY ► THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OVER TIME. ► ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY- REFERS TO THE EXACT TIME AN EVENT TAKES PLACE. ► RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY- TIME WHEN EVENTS TAKE PLACE IN RELATION TO OTHER EVENTS. IT HELPS US UNDERSTAND CONNECTIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT EVENTS.

HISTORIANS MAKE: ► ASSUMPTIONS- GUESSES BASED ON PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE ► HYPOTHESES- FIRM POSITIONS OR BELIEFS BASED ON EVIDENCE THAT IS BEING TESTED. ► INFERENCES- JUDGEMENTS BASED ON THE ACCUMULATION AND CROSS-CHECKING OF PROVEN FACTS.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION PRIMARY SOURCE- FIRSTHAND INFORMATION ABOUT PEOPLE AND EVENTS. OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS: COUT DECISIONS, PUBLIC SPEECHES, EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS SUCH AS DIARIES, LETTERS AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES. VISUAL EVIDENCE:NEWS PHOTOGRAPH & VIDEOTAPED INTERVIEWS. SECONDARY SOURCE- AN ACCOUNT PROVIDED AFTER THE FACT BY PEOPLE WHO DO NOT DIRECTLY WITNESS OR PARTICIPATE IN THE EVENT. Ex. ENCYCLOPEDIAS, BIOGRAPHIES, TEXT BOOKS, OR BOOKS OR ARTICLES WRITTEN BY HISTORIANS.

EVALUATING EVIDENCE ► AUTHENTICITY- THE SOURCE IS ACTUALLY WHAT IT SEEMS TO BE. ► BIAS- LEANING TOWARD OR AGAINST A CERTAIN PERSON, GROUP, OR IDEA. ► CARBON 14 TEASTING- DETERMINES AGE OF ARTIFACTS OR SKELETAL REMAINS. DESTROYS MATERIAL. HAS TO BE LESS THAN 40,000 YEARS OLD. YOU NEED A LARGE PIECE FOR TESTING. ► AMINO ACID RACEMIZATION- AGE UP TO 1 MILLION YEARS OLD. TEST OBJECTS CAN BE LESS THAT AN OUNCE. CARBON TESTING.

ECONOMICS ► THE STUDY OF HOW PEOPLE MANAGE THEIR LIMITED RESOURCES TO SATISFY THEIR WANTS AND NEEDS. WHAT GOODS AND SERVICES SHOULD WE PRODUCE? HOW SHOULD WE PRODUCE THEM? FOR WHOM SHOULD WE PRODUCE THEM?

UNITED STATES ECONOMY ► FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM- THE GOVERNMENT PLAYS A LIMITED ROLE IN THE ECONOMY. OWNERS OF A BUSINESS DECIDE: WHAT PRODUCTS TO MAKE HOW MUCH TO PRODUCE WHERE TO SELL WHAT PRICE TO CHARGE COMPETITION IS ENCOURAGED!!!!!

OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES ► ANTHROPOLOGY- STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE & CULTURE. ► POLITICAL SCIENCE- STRUCTURE & ACTIVITIES OF GOVERNMENT AND TRY TO DESCRIBE HOW THEY AFFECT HUMAN LIFE AND SOCIETIES. ► PSYCHOLOGY- WHY HUMANS ACT THE WAY THEY DO. HOW THEY GROW UP, LEARN, CHANGE, DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER, AND HOW THEY GET INTO TROUBLW. ► SOCIOLOGY- HUMAN SOCIAL RELATIONS OR GROUP LIFE AND HOW THEY AFFECT HUMAN LIFE AND SOCIETIES.

5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY LOCATIONPLACEINTERACTIONMOVEMENTREGIONS

LOCATION EXACT: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE RELATIVE: IN RELATION TO ANOTHER PLACE.

PLACE ► PHYSICAL FEATURES- NATURAL RESOURCES-CLIMATE, SOIL,VEGETATION, ANIMAL LIFE, BODIES OF WATER, COAL, IRON ETC. ► HUMAN FEATURES- KINDS OF HOUSES, TRANSPORTATION, WAYS TO EARN A LIVING, LANGUAGE, RELIGION, ETC.

INTERACTION ► PEOPLE ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND CHANGE THEIR ENVIRONMENT. IRRIGATION- BRING WATER TO DRY LAND

MOVEMENT ► TRAVEL FROM PLACE TO PLACE- SO PEOPLE COULD GET WHAT THEY NEED OR WANT. EXCHANGE OF GOODS, IDEAS,& TECHNOLOGY.

REGIONS ► UNITED BY SIMILAR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS LAND FORMS. ► UNITED BY COMMON CULTURAL TRAITS- PEOPLE PRESERVE THEIR LANGUAGE AND CULTURE