Fungicide Resistance Action Committee FRAC founded in 1982 Andy Leadbeater Chairman FRAC Steering Committee Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel, Switzerland FRAC Presentation 2014

Fungicide Resistance Action Committee FRAC is a Specialist Technical Group of CropLife International. An inter-company committee dedicated to prolonging the effectiveness of fungicides liable to encounter resistance problems and to limit crop damage during the emergence of resistance. FRAC is managed by the FRAC Steering Committee . FRAC Technical reviews, strategy determination and recommendations are carried out by Working Groups (WG) and Expert Fora (EF).

Purpose of FRAC (Founded 1982) The main goal of FRAC is to provide resistance management advice and guidelines and thereby sustain the effectiveness of “at risk” fungicides FRAC represents a centre of knowledge and expertise, and seeks via effective networking with independent bodies to actively promote effective resistance management. FRAC offers a wide range of services (publications, FRAC code lists, methods, training) to assist researchers, advisors and growers. Key route for communication is the FRAC website: www.frac.info

List of FRAC International member companies BASF Bayer Crop Science Cheminova Dow DuPont FMC Isagro KI Chemical Makhteshim Syngenta Note: Several other companies are represented in regional groups

Organisation of FRAC FRAC Int’l Chairman SBI CAA Fungicides Fungicides SC FRAC Int’l Chairman Andy Leadbeater WG SBI Fungicides Klaus Stenzel WG CAA Fungicides Gerd Stammler WG QoI Fungicides Andy Leadbeater WG SDHI Fungicides Kristin Klappach Mode of Action Expert Panel Dietrich Hermann WG Azanaphthalene Fungicides Greg Kemmitt WG FRAC Bananas Helge Sierotski RG NA FRAC Gilberto Olaya RG FRAC Japan Kentaro Tanabe RG FRAC Brazil Rafael Pereira New ! RG FRAC South Africa Willem Van de Pypekamp QiI Task Force Satoshi Araki WG Anilino- Pyrimidines Andreas Mehl EF Phenyl- amides Dietrich Hermann EF Dicarbox- imides Andreas Mehl EF Benz- imidazoles Jean-Luc Genet SC Steering Committee WG Working Group EF Expert Forum RG Regional FRAC Group

NORBARAG Nordics/Baltics Outreach to other national groups NORBARAG Nordics/Baltics FRAG NL Netherlands FRAG UK AFPP WG France ECPR-F Germany FRG India FRMRG Australia

FRAC Steering Committee 2014 Mr. A. Leadbeater Syngenta Crop Protection Chairman FRAC, Chairman QoI Fungicides WG Dr. K. Stenzel Bayer CropScience Vice Chairman,Chairman SBI Fungicides WG Mrs B. Forster Syngenta Crop Protection Secretary, Treasurer Dr. L. Hoffmann Dupont Communication and Website Officer Dr. G. Kemmitt Dow Agrosciences Chairman Azanaphthalene WG Dr. A Mehl Bayer CropScience Chairman Anilinopyrimidines WG, Dicarboximide expert forum Dr. G. Stammler BASF Chairman CAA Fungicides WG Dr. K. Klappach BASF Chairwoman SDHI Fungicides WG Dr. H Sierotzki Syngenta Crop Protection Chairman Banana WG Mr. J.L. Genet Dupont Chairman Benzimidazoles Expert Forum Dr. D. Hermann Syngenta Crop Protection Chairman Mode of Action Expert Group, . Phenylamides Expert Forum Dr. K. Tanabe Nippon Soda, Japan Representative Japan, Chairman QiI Task Force Mr. G. Olaya Syngenta, USA Representative North America Dr. R. Pereira BASF Brazil Representative Brazil

FRAC works proactively Seeking scientific knowledge Carrying out science in resistance, in the member companies, with universities, extension scientists, governments, EPPO, etc etc. Constantly monitoring populations, sharing knowledge Working with other experts to give best advice on disease management and fungicide resistance management strategies

FRAC – Outreach, Influence and Politics FRAG Country Groups FRAC Regional Groups FAO FRAC International Advisors Advisory Services EPPO Universities / Institutes Researchers National Authorities Growers / Grower Organisations

FRAC WEBSITE – www.FRAC.info

FRAC WEBSITE – www.FRAC . info

FRAC Methods In a joint effort to create standardized methods, members of different FRAC Working Groups have reviewed and collected detailed, ready-to-use bioassay techniques to monitor fungal pathogens of economic importance. The following requirements were considered while establishing these techniques: The method must be robust, reliable and repeatable It must be as simple as possible to operate in terms of technology and user skills It should be as cheap to operate as possible and capable of a high throughput in a short time The data obtained must be able to be related to sensitivity responses in the field

Fungicide Resistance Risk Assessment Combined Risk includes Agronomic Risk: Fungicide Risk Pathogen Risk Overall Resistance Risk Agronomic Risk

Overall risk is a combination of pathogen risk x fungicide risk x agronomic risk High risk Benzimidazoles QoIs Phenylamides 3 3 6 9 1 High risk 1,5 3 4,5 0,5 Medium risk 0,75 1,5 2,25 0,25 Low Risk Medium risk Carboxanilides DMIs / APs Morpholines MBI-D Phenylpyrrols 2 2 4 6 1 High risk 1 2 3 0,5 Medium risk 0,5 1 1,5 0,25 Low Risk Low Risk Multi sites MBI-R Resistance Ind. 0,5 0,5 1 1,5 1 High risk 0,25 0,5 0,75 0,5 Medium risk 0,125 0,25 0,375 0,25 Low Risk 1 2 3 Fungicide Risk Agronomic Risk Low Risk Rhizoctonia Rusts Soil borne fungi Smuts & Bunts Medium Risk Eyespot Septoria tritici Rhyncho- Sporium Phytophthora High Risk Botrytis Erysiphe Pyricularia Venturia Plasmopar Phytophthora PAa Pathogen Risk Pathogen Risk Kuck 2005

It gives a statement on resistance risk for the MoA. The FRAC MOA Code List The "FRAC List" is a classification of the active ingredients of fungicides, bactericides and other disease control agents according to Mode of Action (MoA) It gives a statement on resistance risk for the MoA. It gives no information on specific products or disease control efficacy. It gives no "approval" for a product for its value in resistance management.

FRAC Mode of Action Poster 2014 (www.frac.info) >200 fungicides, 57 MOA groups

Mode of Action Classification The annually updated list of fungicides according to mode of action (MoA) is a key document provided by FRAC (#1 accessed on www.frac.info) To ensure consolidated input on classification for new inclusions to the list or on changes in mode of action classification, a FRAC MoA expert panel has been formed, consisting of nominated key scientists.

FRAC Mode of Action Panel Founded in 2012 to support the FRAC steering committee on matters relating the scientific evaluation of matters related to inclusion or changes of antifungal agents on the FRAC Mode of Action code list and related publications Key objectives are: Scientific evaluation of information on mode of action provided by manufacturers Liase with manufacturers, licensees or other responsible organizations in order to agree the mode of action of new agents Review new literature to pro-actively challenge current classification in the list (we are open for external inputs) The panel operates without face to face meetings and is represented by the chairperson on the FRAC steering committee Current membership: Members are typically recognized experts in the field of mode of action Nominated by members of the FRAC SC within their companies Could also be non industry experts Chair D. Hermann Syngenta Andy Corran Syngenta Helmut Schiffer BASF James Sweigand DuPont Klaus Tietjen Bayer David Young Dow

Fungicides in the same group are cross-resistant Fungicides in different groups are NOT cross-resistant

SDHI Fungicides

Microbials, plant extracts

FRAC Mode of Action Classification FRAC does not make product recommendations or endorsements. Inclusion of a fungicide / natural product / biological in the list is purely a technical classification according to mode of action based upon scientific data. It is not an "Approval" by FRAC. It is not an endorsement by FRAC that any products based upon the active ingredient are "valuable for resistance management". Inclusion in the FRAC list should not be used in promotional / advertising material by companies.

Resistance Management Strategies Use of good plant protection practice resistant crop cultivars, non-chemical control, husbandry systems, crop rotations, tillage systems, efficient application. Application of Plant Protection Products limit the number of applications of a chemical class (mode of action = MOA) to reduce selection pressure*. restrict application timing to the optimum for pest control. respect the recommended use rate. Use of Mixtures and Alternations * limiting number of application is most effective when used in combination with mixtures / alternations of different MOAs. mixture / alternation partners must be a different MOA and effective. mixtures / alternations reduce the selection pressure and provide more robust disease control resistance risk declines as number / area of applications with the product declines. relies upon a diversity of modes of action being available for a target disease.

Fungicides and Mixtures (ref. FRAC 2010) Mixtures (tank-mix or co-formulations) are supported by FRAC, as are alternations. No clear data that alternation or mixture is better than the other Mixture is easier to "ensure" and therefore better "stewardship" Appropriate mixtures can; give broader spectrum disease control, ensure more effective control (combine fungicide properties) avoid of disease control failure (security of control), manage the occurrence and impact of resistance Mixtures may be a better strategy in situations where there are limited options for alternations (small number of sprays in a programme) Mixtures particularly valuable where resistance declines between seasons

Fungicide Mixtures – FRAC A key requirement for any mixture product applied to manage resistance is that the components of the mixture must not be cross-resistant and the dose rates of each component used in the mixture should provide sufficient control of sensitive isolates when used alone. the mixture must be carefully balanced based on the individual properties of each mixing partner (e.g. lasting effect, dose response curve, etc.) Presence or absence of resistance to one component of the mixture impacts the recommendations (aim to keep R-frequency low)

FRAC Guidance 2010

Conclusions FRAC supports proactive resistance management using all the tools available in an integrated approach We actively support and invest in research to make scientific progress in areas such as resistance risk, effectiveness of strategies, and addressing other issues FRAC supports the use of FRAC codes in product labelling FRAC supports outreach to officials, advisers, local RAG groups

Conclusions Several factors threaten to work against maintaining resistance management e.g. Increasing regulatory requirements, food chain requirements. These have reduced available modes of action for mixtures, alternations, and have increased costs to find new ones. FRAC is working with officials and authorities to raise the importance of resistance management and to seek solutions.