Part 2 Pages 282-285 Expanding Public Education Chapter 8 Part 2 Pages 282-285 Expanding Public Education

Terms to Know Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute W.E.B. DuBois Niagra Movement

Early U.S. Educational Reformers Horace Mann: First state school superintendent John Dewey: a progressive reformer who beleived that schools should prepare studets for full participation in community life and for participation in government as informed voters and civil servants

Schools To train for employment opportunities To train for responsible citizenship To help immigrants assimilate into American life

By the Civil War Most states had established public schools Fewer in the South BUT most did not get HS diploms Most left after 4 years of public schooling

Between 1865 and 1895 Many states had passed compulsory education laws 12-16 weeks of school a year From 8 to 14 years of age Basic reading, writing, math

Why children skipped school See page 285 …a reading about the good old days

William Torrey Harris An educational reformer at the turn of the century Like Dewey Promoted a child-centered education

Kindergarten Began as day care for mothers who worked but grew dramatically 200 kindergartens in 1880 3,000 in 1900 So public schools began to add kindergarten programs

Public Education and Race 1880 62% of white children were attending elementary schools Only 34% of African American children attended After 1900 some improvement but segregation and poorer conditions for Black children

The Growth of High Schools The Industrial Age demanded those with mechanical skills and managerial skills for advancement By the early 1900’s more than half of a million students were arrending High Schools

New Curriculums In Science, Civics, Social Studies New Vocational Courses: drafting, carpentry, mechanics Women’s courses for office work

African Americans Were often excluded from public high schools By 1890 less than 1% of African Americans attended High School Only 3% in 1910 and these were ot public schools

Education and Immigrants Immigrants were encouraged to attend public schools For assimilation But many Catholics were concerned about Protestant indoctrination so founded parochial schools

Adult Education Adult immigrants took advantage of night school to learn English, government, American History for citizenship Some employers offered daytime programs…Henry Ford

Higher Education By 1900 a minority had a High school diploma And fewer than 3% attended college BUT between 1880 and 1920 college enrollment fquadrupled

Colleges Changed curriculum Changed admission policies

New Courses Modern languages Physical sciences Psychology Sociology New schools for law and medicine

College admissions Some had enterence exams Some admitted all with a high school diploma

African Americans Were rejected by white institutions Some Black colleges through the Freedmen’s Bureau (established after the Civil War to attend to the problems of the newly freed Black man) and private donations Howard, Atlanta, Fisk

By 1900 There were 9 million African Americans 3,880 attended colleges or professional schools

Booker T. Washington African-American Educator Noteworthy Black Leader Believed that racism would disappear when Blacks could show that they were a valuable part of the national economy Washington urged patience and hard work through his Atlanta Compromise

The Atlanta Compromise From a speech given in Atlanta, Georgia Washington urged Blacks to educate themselves in a practical trade (ie black farmers should know the state-of-the-art information on fertilizer) AND to emulate the white middle class

Through education The Black population could become an integrel part of the American economy By emulating the white middle class, Blacks would assure the Whites that they were no threat to American culture and wanted to “fit in.”

Booker T. Washington Was born a slave By 1881 he headed the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute…Now Tuskegee university in Alabama Specialized in teaching, agricultural, domestic, and mechanical courses

W.E.B. DuBois The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard Promoted a Liberal Arts Education for Blacks Wanted African Americans to demand their rights now

The Niagara Mov ement Founded the NAACP in 1905 Hoped for immediate inclusion into mainstream American Life for the African American