Click here to see The Inner life of the cell

I. Cell Structure + Function Ch. 3 pg. 47 A. Cell Theory 1.All living things are made of cells 2.All cells come from pre-existing cells

This leukemia cell is tearing itself apart by a process called apoptosis. E. coli bacteria in the large intestine Red blood cells

What Are the Basic Features of Cells?  The Plasma Membrane Encloses the Cell and Mediates Interactions Between the Cell and Its Environment  All Cells Use DNA as a Hereditary Blueprint and Contain Cytoplasm  All Cells Obtain Energy and Nutrients from Their Environment  Cell Function Limits Cell Size

frog embryo most eukaryotic cells mitochondrion most bacteria virus proteins diameter of DNA double helix chicken egg adult human tallest trees atoms 1 centimeter (cm) = 1/100 m 1 millimeter (mm) = 1/1000 m Units of measurement: 1 meter (m) = inches Diameter visible with conventional electron microscope visible with special electron microscopes visible with llight microscope visible with unaided human eye 1 micrometer (µm) = 1/1,000,000 m 1 nanometer (nm) = 1/1,000,000,000 m 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm 1 mm 1 cm 10 cm 100 m 10 m 1 m

most eukaryotic cells mitochondrion most bacteria virus proteins diameter of DNA double helix atoms 1 centimeter (cm) = 1/100 m 1 millimeter (mm) = 1/1000 m Units of measurement: 1 meter (m) = inches visible with conventional electron microscope visible with special electron microscopes visible with llight microscope 1 micrometer (µm) = 1/1,000,000 m 1 nanometer (nm) = 1/1,000,000,000 m 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm

What Are the Basic Features of Cells? There Are Two Basic Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Prokaryotic cells – represented by the Domains Archaea (archaebacteria) and Bacteria Eukaryotic cells – represented by the Domain Eukarya (algae, protozoans, fungi, plants and animals)

chromosome (nucleoid region) pili ribosomes food granule prokaryotic flagellum capsule or slime layer cell wall plasma membrane cytoplasm plasmid (DNA) A generalized prokaryotic cell

mitochondrion vesicle cytoplasm flagellum lysosome centriole Golgi complex vesicle nuclear pore nuclear envelope chromatin (DNA) nucleolus nucleus ribosome free ribosome microtubules rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane intermediate filaments A generalized animal cell

central vacuole plastid mitochondrion vesicle plasmodesma cell wall plasma membrane intermediate filaments free ribosome ribosomes nucleus nucleolus nuclear pore chromatin nuclear envelope Golgi complex chloroplast Microtubules (part of cytoskeleton) smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum generalized plant cell

What Are the Major Features of Prokaryotic Cells? Prokaryotic Cells Are Small Prokaryotic Cells Have Fewer Specialized Structures Within Their Cytoplasm Have no membrane-enclosed organelles within their cytoplasm DNA is located in the “nucleoid”

What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? Eukaryotic Cells Contain Organelles The Nucleus Is the Control Center of the Eukaryotic Cell (Have the DNA) Have membrane-enclosed organelles within the cytoplasm

Functions of Cell Structures Eukaryotic Cells Contain a Complex System of Membranes  The Plasma Membrane Both Isolates the Cell and Allows Selective Interactions Between the Cell and Its Environment  The Endoplasmic Reticulum Forms Membrane-Enclosed Channels Within the Cytoplasm  The Golgi Complex Sorts, Chemically Alters, and Packages Important Molecules

smooth endoplasmic reticulum nuclear envelope Golgi complex exocytosis plasma membrane phagocytosis lysosome fused with food vacuole food vacuole rough endoplasmic reticulum The flow of membrane within the cell

B. Cell Organelles 1.Cell membrane i)Based on “fluid mosaic model” (moves around constantly) a) Phosopholipid bilayer with protein scattered throughout ii) Selectively permeable iii) Glycolipid and Glycoproteins on surface of membrane identifies the cell to the immune system

2. Mitochondria i)“powerhouse” of the cell ii)2 membranes iii)Site of cellular respiration Glucose + O 2 ATP + CO 2 Matrix Cristae (inner membrane) Outer membrane

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) i) tubular canals for intracellular transport ii) Smooth E.R – no ribosomes, lipid synthesis iii) Rough E.R – contains ribosomes for protein synthesis

Composed of 2 protein subunits and R-RNA functions in protein systhesis 4. Ribosomes

Packaging and storage of secretory products Eg. Hormones, neurotransmitters 5. Golgi Apparatus

6. Lysosomes water to split Contains hydro/lytic enzymes for intracellular digestion (found on head of sperm)

7. Nucleus i)Controls cell by controlling protein synthesis ii)Composed of a nuclear envelope surrounding chromosomes (DNA) and nucleoli iii)Nucleolus- contains chromatin (condensed chromosomes) required to make R-RNA

Differences between plant and animal cells Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall Plant cells have chloroplast Plant cells have a large central vacuole Plant cells contain plasmodesmata-openings in the cell wall of adjacent cells Animal cells have lysosomes Animal cells have Centrioles