Young cigar makers in Engelhardt & Co. Three boys looked under 14. Labor leaders told me in busy times many small boys and girls were employed. Youngsters all smoke.

Harley Bruce, a young coupling-boy at Indian Mine. He appears to be 12 or 14 years old and says he has been working there about a year. It is hard work and dangerous

One of the spinners in Whitnel Cotton Mill. She was 51 inches high. Has been in the mill one year. Sometimes works at night. Runs 4 sides - 48 cents a day. When asked how old she was, she hesitated, then said, "I don't remember," then added confidentially, "I'm not old enough to work, but do just the same.

1830s - many US states enforced laws to restrict the employment of young children in industries. But this had no effect on the rural communities. Employers paid families with overpriced goods of the company, and allocate them houses in the company owned villages. For these amenities, the entire family would work for more than 72 hours a week, with men for heavy, women and children for lighter works. Federal Laws against Child Labor

INTERNATIONAL FAITH IN THE “GREAT REPUBLICAN EXPERIMENT

ISRAEL ON THE APPOMATTOX MEL ELY

Going back to American pride over the vote What had appeared to be a relatively early and easy advance toward manhood suffrage and laissez-faire economics in North America was transformed into bloody civil war by the confrontation between industrializing society and chattel slavery.

WILBERFORCE INTRODUCED A BILL TO END SLAVERY IN BRITAIN AND ITS COLONIES EVERY YEAR BEGINNING IN HE SUCCEEDED IN 1833

THE CONTRADICTION TAKES US TO CIVIL WAR

Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.

"Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

BUT THE WORLD’S LABORERS LOOKED TO THE FREE NORTH TO SAVE “THE GREAT REPUBLICAN EXPERIMENT” British Poor Laws Could even separate Women from their children

A LOOK AT LINCOLN DOCUMENTS First Inaugural Gettysburg Address Second Inaugural Cooper Union

Gettysburg Address, Nov Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure… It is rather for us the living, to here be dedicated to the great task remaining before us-that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last measure of devotion-that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom.

DEPENDENT ON BRITISH GOODS - $200 million worth of goods to South during war Enfield rifle for both sides. Increasingly go to Remington & Colt during war. Shoes for South Uniforms for South CSS Alabama built in Liverpool Rams built for South in England U.S. made legal claims against G.B. for abuse of neutrality

KING COTTON In 1858 Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina replied to Senator William H. Seward of New York: "Without the firing of a gun, without drawing a sword, should they [Northerners] make war upon us [Southerners], we could bring the whole world to our feet. What would happen if no cotton was furnished for three years?.. England would topple headlong and carry the whole civilized world with her. No, you dare not make war on cotton! No power on earth dares make war upon it. Cotton is King."

KING COTTON Southern plantations generated three-fourths of the world's cotton supply. The states that entered the Confederate States accounted for 70 percent of total US exports, and the Confederate leaders believed that this would give the new nation a firm financial basis.

THUS … EMBARGO The Confederacy urged southerners not to plant cotton. Burned more than two and a half million bales. Shortages did begin to occur by 1862.

BLOCKADE Now therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States...have further deemed it advisable to set on foot a blockade of the ports within the States aforesaid, in pursuance of the laws of the United States and of the Law of Nations in such case provided. For this purpose a competent force will be posted so as to prevent entrance and exit of vessels from the ports aforesaid.

What went right with Cotton Diplomacy? LANCASHIRE COTTON FAMINE Four hundred thousand workers lost their jobs England under Palmerston & France under Louis Napoleon close to intervening on the Confederate side

Mass Starvation in British Cotton Mills Brought the beginning of the British Social System & a more humane approach than the Poor Laws Caused Britain to turn to Indian cotton

What went wrong with Cotton Diplomacy? 1860 – Bumper crop – Glut on world market EMBARGO deprived South of cash to buy weapons, etc. Southerners found the embargo too painful, and they cooperated in running more than 1 ½ million bales of cotton through the northern blockade. Cotton successfully grown in Egypt & India British textile workers act against self-interest & SUPPORT THE NORTH EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

KING CORN U.S. INCREASED EXPORT OF GRAIN TO G.B. DURING THE WAR BRITISH FOUND THEMSELVES MORE DEPENDENT ON U.S. GRAIN THAN ON ITS COTTON

THE GREAT REPUBLICAN DREAM VS. COTTON & ARISTOCRACY Pick your team:

CORN WINS See documents. Lincoln & the workingmen of Manchester 1863 – The George Griswold carried donated bacon, bread, rice, corn, barrels of flour to the starving British

Extract of the Address from the Working People of Manchester to His Excellency Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America. Public Meeting, Free Trade Hall, Manchester, 31 December "...the vast progress which you have made in the short space of twenty months fills us with hope that every stain on your freedom will shortly be removed, and that the erasure of that foul blot on civilisation and Christianity - chattel slavery - during your presidency, will cause the name of Abraham Lincoln to be honoured and revered by posterity. We are certain that such a glorious consummation will cement Great Britain and the United States in close and enduring regards."

LINCOLN Extract of the President Abraham Lincoln's letter in response to the Working People of Manchester 19 January, 1863 "...I know and deeply deplore the sufferings which the working people of Manchester and in all Europe are called to endure in this crisis. It has been often and studiously represented that the attempt to overthrow this Government which was built on the foundation of human rights, and to substitute for it one which should rest exclusively on the basis of slavery, was unlikely to obtain the favour of Europe. "Through the action of disloyal citizens, the working people of Europe have been subjected to a severe trial for the purpose of forcing their sanction to that attempt. Under the circumstances I cannot but regard your decisive utterances on the question as an instance of sublime Christian heroism which has not been surpassed in any age or in any country. It is indeed an energetic and re-inspiring assurance of the inherent truth and of the ultimate and universal triumph of justice, humanity and freedom. "I hail this interchange of sentiments, therefore, as an augury that, whatever else may happen, whatever misfortune may befall your country or my own, the peace and friendship which now exists between the two nations will be, as it shall be my desire to make them, perpetual."

The George Griswold Arrives in Mersey from NY, February, 1863

The statue of Abraham Lincoln in Manchester, EnglandAbraham LincolnManchester

STUDENTS: FIND LINCOLN STATUES THROUGHOUT THE U.S. & THE WORLD EXPLAIN WHY SEE LINCOLN IN HAWAII

CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS U.S. AMBASSADOR TO G.B. James Russell Lowell said of him: None of our generals, nor Grant himself, did us better or more trying service than he in his forlorn outpost of London. Prince Albert stepped in to calm public after Trent Affair.

COME FULL CIRCLE PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY

ISRAEL ON THE APPOMATTOX PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY, VIRGINIA BLACKS FREE AND ACCEPTED BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR AFTER THE CIVIL WAR, HARSH SEGREGATION LAWS

TWIST OF FATE PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY SCHOOLS WAS THE SITE OF ONE OF THE BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION CASES BASED ON A STUDENT LED PROTEST

MOTON SCHOOL & BROWN V. BOARD THEN On this site in 1951 the student body walked out in protest of unequal educational facilities. The resulting school desegregation lawsuit was part of the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board, which concluded that “in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place.”

BARBARA JOHNS, 16 “IT SEEMED LIKE WE WERE REACHING FOR THE MOON” 1951

CAPITAL GROUNDS, RICHMOND, VA

DANIEL BOORSTIN: “Read history, read books, not just newspapers and magazines. The temptation to make your contemporaries into heroes is the temptation to see them as divine. That is what happened with Hitler. The hero is known for achievements, the celebrity for well-knownness. The hero reveals the possibilities of human nature. The celebrity reveals the possibilities of the press and media. Celebrities are people who make news, but heroes are people who make history. Time makes heroes but dissolves celebrities.”

HEROS Book mark SongMural Calendar (12 mo.) Activity BookPoster QuiltCereal Box Timeline Tissue Box Task: Select a hero from American history and complete one of the projects listed above. Selection: To meet the criteria, the person must meet the qualifications described in the quote above. Heroes, NOT celebrities. Preferably deceased and must be American.