The Ideology of Pakistan and The Pakistan Movement Chapter 4 & 5

Reading Assignment The principle gods of Hindus are 3 including: __ There was a residential university at ____ where thousands of students received free education. Baba Guru Nanak was born in Talawandi, a village in _____ district. Rani Lakhsmi Bai of Jhansi led a force of _____ and massacred every European that fell into her hands. The great treachery and intrigue forced _____ to lay down his life at Seringapatam on 4 May, 1799. ME 2306 Pakistan Studies Manahil Khatri

Reading Assignment Brahma – the creator, Vishnu – the preserver and Shiva- the destroyer Nalanda Sheikhupura district 20,000 Tipu Sultan

THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

Defining Ideology Its composed of two Greek words ‘ideo’ and ‘logos’. It literally means the ‘science of ideas’. An ideology is a set of beliefs, values, norms, symbols, goals and practices incorporated into formulations about a good society.

Ideology of Pakistan Pakistan’s ideology is based on ideals of Islam i.e. Pakistan would be an Islamic state drawing its inspiration and guidance from the establishment of principles of the Quran and the Traditions of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.W.). The foundation of the State of Pakistan has not been laid on the basis of a common language or race. The basis of nationhood is ISLAM.

Ideology of Pakistan As quoted by Quaid-e-Azam at a public meeting in Dhaka held at 21 March, 1948: “Islam has taught us this, and I think you will agree with me that whatever else you may be and whatever you are, you are a Muslim. You belong to a nation now; you have now carved out a territory, vast territory, it is all yours, it does not belong to a Punjabi or a Sindhi, or a Pathan,….; it is yours.”

Allama Iqbal & the Ideology of Pakistan Muslim renaissance in the Indo-Pak subcontinent in the first half of the 20th Century was inspired and motivated by Dr. Sir Mohammad Iqbal. He accomplished this through his poetic vision and political insight that was reflected in his writings, speeches and political works. In Muslim Leagues annual session at Allahabad in December 1930; at the Round Table Conference at London, in December 1931, and in the letter to the Quaid; Allama Iqbal propounded the idea of a separate nation for Muslims.

Quaid-e-Azam & the Ideology of Pakistan Demand for a separate nation was based on ‘Two-Nation Theory’ that was put forward by Allama Iqbal and it was later elaborated into political and legal terminology by Quaid-e-Azam. Quaid-e-Azam in his various speeches demanded a separate nation for the Muslims. Choudhary Rahmat Ali & the Ideology of Pakistan He had devoted his life for the revival of Islam and formation of Pakistan.

The Two- Nation Theory Sir Syed was the first who declared the Muslims are a separate nation. Iqbal also suggested the idea but he was not taken seriously by the Muslim leaders. Later it was Jinnah who for the first time realized the force of arguments by Sir Syed and Iqbal and expounded the Two-Nation Theory in such detail that the Muslims and Hindus agreed it to be the idea behind Muslim League.

THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT

Establishment of Indian National Congress (1885) It was formed by a retired British official, Allan Octavian Hume. Factors that helped its emergence: Western education inspired patriotism Hindus promoted Hindu nationalism. Idolatry was encouraged alien faiths (Christianity & Islam) were to be overthrown. Racial hatred for the British Englishmen forgot elementary rules of decency. Indians were not allowed in restaurants and clubs. Englishmen got light penalties even after large number of Indian killings. In 1882, Ilbert Bill was suggested which allowed Indian magistrates to try European criminals in their courts. The English opposed this measure and the Indians organized great demonstrations. This strengthened nationalism.

The Partition of Bengal (1905) Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India faced administrative problems because the state of Bengal was very big. The province of Eastern Bengal and Assam officially came into being on 16th October, 1905. In Eastern Bengal brought happier prospects (both political and economical) for the Muslims as they turned into majority in that state. Hindus reacted in a hostile and violent manner at the partition. Religious color was given to it, strikes were held throughout the country, Congress supported the Hindus and the Muslims disunited themselves from it. Hindus organized a boycott of British manufacturers, train was de-railed and an attempt was made on Viceroy’s life. The partition was annulled on 12 December 1911.

Simla Deputation (1906) Muslims were convinced that expectations of fair-play from Hindus was futile. Mohsin-ul-Mulk and other prominent Muslim leaders drew up a plan of separate electorates and demanded that Muslims must be given weightage in all elected bodies and aid to be given for establishment of Muslim University. Muslims were assured that “their political rights and interests as a community will be safeguarded by an administrative organization.”

The Founding of Muslim League (1906) Mohsin-ul-Mulk persuaded Muslim leaders to meet in Dhaka and form an organization thus formed the Muslim League. Minto Morley Reforms (1909) Secretary of State Lord Morley paid serious attention to the formulation of constitutional reforms in 1906. Muslim deputation led by Aga Khan met the viceroy and demanded separate electorates. Lord Morley described these as ‘opening of a very important chapter.’

Efforts for Hindu-Muslim Unity After the announcement of Minto-Morley reforms, Hindu-Muslim relations got strained. Bhopindra Nath Basu and Jinnah played their roles. The latter was the greatest advocate of the Hindu-Muslim unity. Lucknow Pact (1916) The Congress & The Muslim League held a joint session at Lucknow in which unity was preached. Highlight was that Separate electorates were accepted by Congress.

Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms (1919) Edwin Montagu, Secretary of State of India visited India and in cooperation with the Viceroy Lord Chelmsford, held discussions with Indian leaders of all opinions in 1918. The proposals were criticized by the Muslim League and the Congress. Rowlatt Act (1919) After the First World War ended, anti-British feeling in India reached its climax. Law and order was difficult to maintain therefore a committee was formed and Mr Justice S.A.T. Rowlatt presided it. A Bill was proposed. Gandhi highly opposed it and ordered hartal which was highly successful.

The Khilafat Movement (1919) Amritsar Tragedy (1919) Satyapal was stopped by authorities to make a public speech and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew was also restrained. On 10th April these two were deported from Amritsar to an unknown place. A huge peaceful procession of 20,000-30,000 people was taken out to protest. General Dyer and his troops without warning open fired on them. The casualties were officially estimated at 379 killed and over 1,200 injured. The Khilafat Movement (1919) Muslim sentiments were with Turkey but it was defeated in 1918 resulting in embarrassment of the Muslims. Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister at that time had promised Turkey will not be deprived of its territorial integrity, but he didn’t keep his promise. Khilafat movement was organized and the aim was to maintain Turkish Khilafat, protect the holy places of Muslims and maintain unity of Ottoman Empire.

The Khilafat Movement (1919) Khilafat conferences were held, deputations were sent but Lloyd George gave a cold reception. Gandhi and the Ali brothers (Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) toured the country and explained the meaning of the non-cooperation movement to people. A peaceful resistance didn’t remain peaceful and some Muslims slaughtered Britishers and their Hindu neighbors. Gandhi abruptly ended the non-cooperation movement and also ended the Muslim-Hindu alliance.

Delhi Muslim Proposals (1927) Hindu-Muslim unity ended in 1924 and communal riots broke down in India. Hindus started the Shuddhi movement where they vowed not to leave any Muslim in the subcontinent. Mr. Jinnah tried to unite the Muslim leaders of all shades of opinions. Most of them attended the meetings. Conditions were discussed and its know as ‘Delhi Muslim Proposals.’ The Hindus also proposed in reply to the Muslim Proposals. No material change took place but the Congress passed a resolution by ‘Substantially accepting the Muslim Proposals’. The Simon Commission (1927) A Statutory Commission was formed on 26 November 1927 chaired by Sir John Simon. It was to investigate the Indian Constitutional problems and to draw up recommendations for future action. Since its members were all white, Congress opposed it and Muslim League was split between two groups, one was in favor and the other was against it.

Jinnah’s 14 points (1929) Nehru Report (1928) All Indian political parties boycotted Simon Commission and on 8th March 1928 Moti Lal Nehru was entrusted the task of framing a Draft Constitution. This is known as Nehru Report. Muslims met and proposed 3 amendments in the report, the Hindus rejected all the amendments and accepted the Nehru Report without any adjustment. Jinnah’s 14 points (1929) Muslims got reunited and they all supported Jinnah's points. These points were not given any importance in the Congress circle as well as the Government. On the basis of these points it was suggested that the political power and opportunities for development were to be equally divided among the Hindus and Muslims.

Sir Syed's Case Study: 1. What was Sir Syed's stand during the uprising of 1857? What are your views. 2. How did he pacify the after effects of the uprising of 1857? 3. Critically analyze Sir Syed's work for Education. What were the good steps that he took and what were those that he should not have taken. 4. Keeping in mind the views he had about Islam, would you follow such a man as your leader? Defend your answer. 5. Critically analyze Sir Syed's political work and comment.