Science and Medicine Scientists got a good look at cells and discovered they were made up of smaller organelles. Gregor Mendel, a monk, worked with pea plants and discovered dominant and recessive traits. –Beginning of study of genetics.

Gregor Mendel

Edward Jenner invented vaccinations. –Dosing someone with weak or dead strains of a disease, so antibodies are created. Jenner noticed milkmaids who got cowpox did not get smallpox. Created the Smallpox Vaccine, virtually wiping smallpox out.

Edward Jenner

Louis Pasteur learned that heating, then cooling liquids will kill any bacteria. –Called Pasteurization.

Anesthetics began to be used in surgery. –Chloroform, laudanum, ether. Joseph Lister began working on sterilizing hospitals and medical equipment to prevent infection. –Used a spray of carbolic acid.

Joseph Lister

Social Sciences Study of human behavior and interaction. Anthropology – Study of different cultures, both past and present. Sociology – Study of people’s interactions in society. Psychology – Study of the mind and human behavior. –Two major pioneers in psychology:

Ivan Pavlov. Studied “conditioned response.” –Train someone to behave a certain way to stimulus. Studied “positive and negative reinforcement.” –Modify behavior through rewards and punishments.

Sigmund Freud. Founded Psychiatry, or the study and treatment of mental illness. Believed that events subconsciously affected behavior. Divided brain into 3 sections: –Id – Crocodile brain. –Ego – Conscious brain. –Superego – Unconscious brain.

Literature New movement in literature – Romanticism. –View of life as it should be, not how it is. James Fenimore Cooper – “Last of the Mohicans.” –American Indians were “noble savages.”

Brothers Grimm – Collected German fairy tales. –Little Red Riding Hood – Wolf ate part of Grandma, chopped up the rest and served it to Red, bottled Grandma’s blood and served it as wine. –Hansel and Gretel – Wolf eats breadcrumbs, kids get lost; Dad finds them; Witch kills Dad; Witch eats Hansel; Gretel gets away, comes back and kills Witch. Mary Shelley – Frankenstein. –Scary monster story, monster is “misunderstood”.

Bram Stoker – Dracula. –Scary monster story. Sir Walter Scott – Ivanhoe. –Noble, glorious knights. Goethe – Faust. –Man makes deal with the Devil.

Music Ludwig van Beethoven. Franz Schubert. Frederick Chopin. –All had powerful, passionate music. Pyotr Tchaikovsky – Russian. –Wrote 1812 Overture to celebrate Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo. Richard Wagner – German. –Ride of the Valkyries. –Hitler’s favorite composer.

Ludwig van Beethoven Franz Schubert

Frederick ChopinPyotr Tchaikovsky

Richard Wagner

Valkyrie

Art New art movement – Realism. –Show things as they are, not as they ought to be.