Sustainable Cities: Urban Land Use and Management Chapter 25 Miller 14th Edition Mrs. Dow A.C. Mosley High School

WorkersInterdistrict Direct FeederExpress Route Ecocity Concept City center Curitiba, Brazil

Urbanization and urban growth 25.1

Definitions Urban (metropolitan) area = town plus its suburbs –City = large number of people with a variety of professions who depend on resources from the outside of city boundary Rural area = an area with a population less than 2,500 people –Village = group of rural households liked by custom, culture,family ties. Historical utilization of natural resources

Urbanization & Urban growth Degree of urbanization is percentage of population living in area of greater than 2,500 people Urban growth due to: –natural increase - births –immigration - poor are pulled to urban areas or are pushed from rural areas Trends of urban growth: –Increase of 2% to 45% of people in urban areas since 1950 –By 2050 about 66% of the world’s people will be living in urban areas.

Los Angeles 13.3 million 14.5 million Mexico City 18.3 million 20.4 million Sao Paulo 18.3 million 21.2 million Buenos Aires 12.1 million 13.2 million New York 16.8 million 17.9 million Cairo 10.5 million 11.5 million Lagos 12.2 million 24.4 million Key 2001(estimated) 2015 (projected) Mumbai (Bombay) 16.5 million 22.6 million Karachi 10.4 million 16.2 million Dhaka 13.2 million 22.8 million Calcutta 13.3 million 16.7 million Jakarta 11.4 million 17.3 million Beijing 10.8 million 11.7 million Tokyo 26.5 million 27.2 million Shanghai 12.8 million 13.6 million Major Urban Areas Osaka 11.0 million Manila 10.1 million 11.5 million

Figure 25-3 Page Year Population (billions) Developing Countries Developed Countries Projections Urban population in developed and developing countries

Urban populations are attracting more people –Developing into poverty centers –½ of world people live in cities Provide jobs, food, housing, better life, entertainment, freedom of religion, less racial & political conflicts

Figure 25-4a Page 566 Major urban cities in the U.S.

75% of the US population live in urban areas occupying 3% of the country’s land area

Urban trends Most along coastal areas Most in developing countries Developed  84% urbanized by 2030 > million increasing rapidly Megacities/megalopolises > 10 million Megalopolis (merger of cities and adjacent areas) Ex. Bowash

Boston Springfield Hartford Providence Newark Allentown Harrisburg New York Philadelphia Baltimore Washington Detroit Cleveland Pittsburgh Toledo Akron Chicago Chipitts (Chicago to Pittsburgh) Bowash (Boston to Washington) Figure 25-7Page 568Figure 25-7Page 568

Urbanization & Urban Growth Urban growth is slower in developed countries –75% of the people live in cities. But by 2025 it will be 82%. Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized –slums, squatter settlements and shantytowns –at least 1 billion people live in crowed slums of inner cities. No access to water, sewer, electricity, education etc. 100 mil people are homeless & sleep on the streets

Urban areas... At least 50,000 ¾ Americans are in urban areas Most migrated from rural to urban areas Then, from large cities to suburbs Next, from North & East to South & West (1980- ) Back from urban to rural (1990- )

Urban quality of life Some improvement (working, housing, air, water) But, Older cities have deteriorating services, infrastructure, Budget cuts, Poverty, unemployment rising

Urban sprawl Low-density development encouraged dependence on cars By product of affordable land, cars, poor urban planning Problems –Decreased energy efficiency, increase urban flooding, destruction of cropland, forest, open space, longer commute

Urban Sprawl Las Vegas

Impacts of Urban Sprawl Land and Biodiversity Loss of cropland Loss of forests & grasslands Loss of wetlands Loss & fragmentation of wildlife habitats Increased wildlife road kill Increased soil erosion Human Health and Aesthetics Contaminated drinking water & air Noise pollution Sky illumination at night Traffic congestion Water Increased runoff Increased surface water & groundwater pollution Increased use of surface water & groundwater Decreased storage of Surface water & groundwater Increased flooding Decreased natural Sewage treatment

Impacts of Urban Sprawl Energy, Air, and Climate Increased energy use and waste Increased air pollution Increased greenhouse gas Emissions Enhanced global warming Warmer microclimate (heat island effect) Economic Effects Higher taxes Decline of downtown business districts Increased unemployment in central city Loss of tax base in central city

Urban Resource and Environmental Problems 25.2

InputsOutputs Energy Food Water Raw materials Manufactured goods Money Information Solid wastes Waste heat Air pollutants Water pollutants Greenhouse gases Manufactured goods Noise Wealth Ideas Natural Capital Degradation Urban areas are rarely sustainable systems

Urban Resource and Environmental Problems Destruction of plant life - what is $ value? Cities produce little of own food Urban heat island effect --> dust dome –5 ways to counteract this effect Water supply and flooding problems –5 ways to reduce demand on reservoirs and waste treatment systems High pollution exposure

The enormous amount of heat generated creates an urban heat island Additional heat changes climate of surrounding area

Advantages of urbanization Economic development, jobs, commerce, transportation Medical care, family planning, education Recycling more feasible Concentrated people preserves biodiversity

Disadvantages of urbanization Cities to not sustain themselves (consume 75% of resource use) Concentrate pollutants and noise Spread disease, crime, poverty, terrorism Flooding a problem Heat produced cause microclimates

Urban Resource & Environmental Problems Excessive noise exposure  health effects –Hearing loss, hypertension, muscle tension, migraines, headaches, higher cholesterol levels, gastric ulcers, irritability, insomnia, psychological disorders, aggression

Urban/rural poor Live in unhealthy conditions Shantytowns Lack of water, sewers, pollution, disease, poverty More kids, less education

Mexico City

Rapid population growth (pollution, disease, poverty) 1 in 6 Mexicans live in cities Unemployment, noise, traffic, crime Barrios – slums No sewage – bacteria laden, dried, human excrement spread by wind (fecal snow) – spreads salmonella, hepatitis Air is same as smoking 3 packs of cigarettes a day 100,000 premature deaths/year

Transportation and Urban Development 25.3

Available land Grow upward or outward? –Upward Mass transit Walk Ride bikes –Outward Use cars Increase mobility Waste gas/pollute Kills people U.S. 32% of worlds cars 43% of worlds gas

automobiles Killed 18 million since 1885 Largest source of pollution Helped create urban sprawl Congestion Building of more roads Decreased property valued

To reduce automobiles –Users pay for harm through taxes –Subsidizing mass transit –Raise use fees Alternatives –Bicycles, walking, scooters, buses, subways, rail system –Oil companies crushed efficient streetcar system in US

AdvantagesDisadvantages Affordable Produce no pollution Quiet Require little parking space Easy to maneuver in traffic Take few resources to make Very energy efficient Provide exercise Little protection in an accident Do not protect riders from bad weather Not practical for trips longer than 8 kilometers (5 miles) Can be tiring (except for electric bicycles) Lack of secure bike parking Bicycles Trade-Offs

AdvantagesDisadvantages Affordable Produce less air pollution than cars Require little parking space Easy to maneuver in traffic Electric scooters are quiet and produce little pollution Little protection in an accident Do not protect drivers from bad weather Gasoline engines are noisy Gasoline engines emit large quantities of air pollutants Motor Scooters Trade-Offs

Advantages Disadvantages More energy efficient than cars Produce less air pollution than cars Require less land than roads and parking areas for cars Cause fewer injuries and deaths than cars Reduce car congestion in cities Expensive to build and maintain Cost effective only along a densely populated narrow corridor Commit riders to Transportation schedules Can cause noise and vibration for nearby residents Mass Transit Rail Trade-Offs

AdvantagesDisadvantages More flexible than rail system Can be rerouted as needed Cost less to develop and maintain than heavy-rail system Can greatly reduce car use and pollution Can lose money because they need low fares to attract riders Often get caught in traffic unless operating in express lanes Commit riders to transportation schedules Noisy Buses Trade-Offs

Advantages Disadvantages Can reduce travel by car or plane Ideal for trips of 200–1,000 kilometers (120–620 miles) Much more energy efficient per rider over the same distance than a car or plane Expensive to run and maintain Must operate along heavily used routes to be profitable Cause noise and vibration for nearby residents Rapid Rail Trade-Offs

Bullet Trains? Potential routes

Urban Land-Use Planning and Control 25.4

Major highways Greenbelt Urban center Satellite towns

Limits and Regulations Limit building permits Urban growth boundaries Green belts around cities Public review of new development Zoning Encourage mixed use Concentrate development along mass transportation routes Promote high-density cluster housing developments Planning Ecological land-use planning Environmental impact analysis Integrated regional planning State and national planning Protection Preserve existing open space Buy new open space Buy development rights that prohibit certain types of development on land parcels Taxes Tax land, not buildings Tax land on value of actual use (such as forest and agriculture) instead of highest value as developed land Tax Breaks For owners agreeing legally to not allow certain types of development (conservation easements) For cleaning up and developing abandoned urban sites (brownfields) Revitalization and New Growth Revitalize existing towns and cities Build well-planned new towns and villages within cities Smart Growth Tools Solutions

Land use planning in U.S.  based on continued growth leading to urban sprawl Zoning used for growth & to protect areas Smart growth discourages urban sprawl  protects ecologically sensitive land & water

Open space preserved by... –Growth boundaries, greenbelts, parks, cluster developments Cluster & mixed-used housing  more energy efficient & environmentally sound

Undeveloped tract of land Undeveloped land Marsh Creek

Conventional housing development Typical housing development

Cluster housing development Cluster housing development Cluster Creek Pond Cluster

Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable 25.5

Ecocities –People- orientated, preserve biodiversity, low pollution –High efficiency standards –Native trees for noise buffers, pollution reduction, animal sanctuaries –Limited urban sprawl –Food raised in community gardens; window boxes; rooftops; organic farms; solar greenhouses

Chattanooga, Tennessee –1950s industrial wasteland –Highly polluted; toxic water Now –Zero-emission industry –Zero-emission electric buses –Satellite parking c bus service –Recycling program –One of the most sustainable and livable cities in the U.S. One thing still not accomplished is the Cleanup of a Superfund site in South Chattanooga