1. Sustainable Cities: Urban Land Use and Management

2. Definitions Urban (metropolitan) area = town plus its suburbs
City = large number of people with a variety of professions who depend on resources from the outside of city boundary
Rural area = an area with a population less than 2,500 people
Village = group of rural households liked by custom, culture,family ties. Historical utilization of natural resources

3. Urbanization & Urban growth
Degree of urbanization is percentage of population living in area of greater than 2,500 people
Urban growth due to:
natural increase - births
immigration - poor are pulled to urban areas or are pushed from rural areas
Trends of urban growth:
Increase of 2% to 45% of people in urban areas since 1950
By 2050 about 66% of the world’s people will be living in urban areas.

4. Urbanization & Urban growth
The number of large cities is mushrooming
megacities and megalopolis
Today, more than 400 cities have over 1 mil. or more people. 19 megacities with over 10 mil. People i.e.Tokyo (28 mil), Mexico City (18 mil), New York (17 mil).
Most of growth in developing countries will be urban growth with all of its problems
38% of the people in live in cities. But by 2025 it will be 54%. Many of these cities are already short on water, have waste & pollution problems.

5. Urbanization & Urban Growth
Urban growth is slower in developed countries
75% of the people live in cities. But by 2025 it will be 82%.
Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized
slums, squatter settlements and shantytowns
at least 1 billion people live in crowed slums of inner cities. No access to water, sewer, electricity, education etc. 100 mil people are homeless & sleep on the streets
Case study - Mexico City

7. Mexico City
The world’s second largest city with 18 million people or one in five Mexicans
severe air pollution (over 4 million cars) within a valley that causes an estimated 100,000 premature deaths/year
high unemployment rate, close to 50%
high crime rate
over one-third (6 million) of its residents live in slums (barrios) without running water, sewer (but running sewage), or electricity
high infection rates i.e. salmonella, hepatitis

8. United States Urbanization
Migration to large central cities
Migration from cities to suburbs
Migration from north & east to south & west
Urban sprawl, growth of low-density development on the edge of cities. Encouraged by:
- availability of cheap land, (forests, agriculture fields etc.).
- government loans guarantees for new single-family homes
- government & state funding of highways
- low-cost gasoline encourage car use
- low interest mortgage

9. Major Spatial Patterns
Concentric Circle City such as New York
Sector City is the large urban area extending from San Frdancisco to San Jose, CA
Multiple Nuclei City is Los Angeles
Megalopolis is when separate cities join such as the Bowash

10. Concentric Circle Model
Central business district (CBD)
Deteriorating transition zone
Worker’s homes
Middle-class suburbs
Commuter's zone

11. Sector Model High-rent residential Intermediate-rent residential
Low-rent residential
Education and recreation
Transportation
Industrial
Core (CBD)

12. Multiple-Nuclei Model
CBD
Wholesale, light manufacturing
Low-rent residential
Intermediate-rent residential
High-rent residential
Heavy manufacturing
Outlying business district
Residential Suburb
Industrial Suburb

14. Major Urban Problems in U.S.
Deteriorating services
Aging infrastructures
Budget crunches from lost tax revenues as businesses and affluent people leave
Rising poverty with violence, drugs, decay
Urban sprawl - growth of low-density development on edges of cities and towns
9 consequences of “bad growth”

15. 75% of the US population live in urban areas occupying 3% of the country’s land area

16. Urban Resources & Environmental Problems
45% of people living in 5% of land – cities – consume 75% of the world’s resources
Urban areas depend upon imports
Benefits of urbanization:
recycling more economically feasible
decreased birth rates reduces environmental pressures
per capita expenditures on environmental protection high in urban areas
population concentration impacts biodiversity less

18. Urban Resource and Environmental Problems
Destruction of plant life - what is $ value?
Cities produce little of own food
Urban heat island effect --> dust dome
5 ways to counteract this effect
Water supply and flooding problems
5 ways to reduce demand on reservoirs and waste treatment systems
High pollution exposure

19. The enormous amount of heat generated creates an urban heat island
Additional heat changes climate of surrounding area

20. Urban Resource & Environmental Problems
Excessive noise exposure  health effects
Hearing loss, hypertension, muscle tension, migraines, headaches, higher cholesterol levels, gastric ulcers, irritability, insomnia, psychological disorders, aggression

21. Urban Resource & Environmental Problems
Beneficial effects:
education
social services
medical care
Harmful effects
infectious disease spread
high density population
inadequate drinking and sewage system
physical injuries
pollution exposure
Urban Sprawl

22. Impacts of Urban Sprawl
Water
Land and Biodiversity
Human Health
and Aesthetics
Increased runoff
Increased surface water
& groundwater pollution
Increased use of surface
water & groundwater
Decreased storage of
Surface water &
groundwater
Increased flooding
Decreased natural
Sewage treatment
Loss of cropland
Loss of forests &
grasslands
Loss of wetlands
Loss & fragmentation of
wildlife habitats
Increased wildlife road kill
Increased soil erosion
Contaminated drinking water & air
Noise pollution
Sky illumination at night
Traffic congestion

23. Impacts of Urban Sprawl
Energy, Air, and Climate
Increased energy use
and waste
Increased air pollution
Increased greenhouse gas
Emissions
Enhanced global warming
Warmer microclimate
(heat island effect)
Economic Effects
Higher taxes
Decline of downtown
business districts
Increased unemployment
in central city
Loss of tax base in central city

24. Transportation and Urban Development
Determines where people live, where they go to work and buy stuff, how much land is paved and exposure to air pollution
Cities grow up if they can’t grow out; more prone to use mass transit
Urban sprawl due to cheap gas and land and highways; dispersed car-centered cities use 10x more energy

25. Motor vehicle concentration
Ground transportation: individual (cars, etc) and mass (buses and rail)
U.S. has 35% of cars and trucks used for 98% of all urban transportation
Motor scooters - effort to change to electric
Riding bicycles;
less pollution and
dangerous and more
efficient than
walking
bicycles available
for public use
bike and ride
systems
Drive alone 80%
Other 4%
Public transit 5%
Car pool 11%

26. Pros and Cons of Mass transit
3% mass transit use in U.S. to 47% in Japan
20% gasoline tax revenues to mass transit
Rapid rail, suburban trains and trolley - efficient at high population density
High speed rail lines – replace planes, buses and private cars; but require large government subsidies
Bus systems more flexible than rail systems but efficient when full