Kingdom Protista

If you look at a drop of pond water under a microscope, all the "little creatures" you see swimming around are protists. If you look at a drop of pond water under a microscope, all the "little creatures" you see swimming around are protists.

All protists have a nucleus and are therefore eukaryotic. All protists have a nucleus and are therefore eukaryotic.eukaryotic Protists are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like. Protists are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like.

CHARACTERISTICS Take in Oxygen through diffusion Take in Oxygen through diffusion Can move like animals and react to changes in the environment Can move like animals and react to changes in the environment Can be Autotrophs (Plant-like) or Heterotrophs (Animal-like or Fungus- like) Can be Autotrophs (Plant-like) or Heterotrophs (Animal-like or Fungus- like) Microscopic, unicellular and multicellular organisms that contain a nucleus (eukaryotes).

Protozoans are animal-like protists (heterotrophs) grouped according to how they move (flagella, cilia, or pseudopod). Protozoans are animal-like protists (heterotrophs) grouped according to how they move (flagella, cilia, or pseudopod). The word protozoa means "little animal." They are so named because many species behave like tiny animals—specifically, they hunt and gather other microbes as food. The word protozoa means "little animal." They are so named because many species behave like tiny animals—specifically, they hunt and gather other microbes as food.

All protozoa digest their food in stomach- like compartments called vacuoles. All protozoa digest their food in stomach- like compartments called vacuoles. As they chow down, they make and give off nitrogen, which is an element that plants and other higher creatures can use. As they chow down, they make and give off nitrogen, which is an element that plants and other higher creatures can use. Protozoa range in size from 1/5,000 to 1/50 of an inch (5 to 500 µm) in diameter. They can be classified into three general groups based on how they move. Protozoa range in size from 1/5,000 to 1/50 of an inch (5 to 500 µm) in diameter. They can be classified into three general groups based on how they move.

The first group is the Phylum Rhizopoda. These are amoeba. The first group is the Phylum Rhizopoda. These are amoeba. Amoebae ooze along by means of pseudopodia (false feet) engulfing food as they go. Amoebae ooze along by means of pseudopodia (false feet) engulfing food as they go. Amoebae live in water or moist places. Amoebae live in water or moist places. They have a cell membrane but no cell wall. They have a cell membrane but no cell wall.

Pseudopod Amoeba Cell membrane

Nucleus Cell Membrane Contractile Vacuole AMOEBA Food Vacuole Pseudopod

Contractile Vacuole Why does the amoeba have a contractile vacuole? Think about osmosis…

Food Vacuole Food vacuole with food inside.

ENDOCYTOSIS REMEMBER: “ENTER THE CELL” or “INTO THE CELL” REMEMBER: “ENTER THE CELL” or “INTO THE CELL” 2 FORMS 2 FORMS PHAGOCYTOSIS – bringing in food PHAGOCYTOSIS – bringing in food PINNOCYTOSIS – bringing in liquid (water) PINNOCYTOSIS – bringing in liquid (water)

Phagocytosis Use of vacuoles to bring in food. Use of vacuoles to bring in food. Amoeba surrounding food (algae) with its pseudopodia

Pinnocytosis Use of vacuoles to bring in water Use of vacuoles to bring in water Vacuoles forming to bring in water

The third group of protozoans are the ciliates from the phylum Ciliophora. These are generally the largest protozoa. The third group of protozoans are the ciliates from the phylum Ciliophora. These are generally the largest protozoa. They are covered with hair-like projections called cilia and they eat the other two types of protozoa as well as bacteria. They are covered with hair-like projections called cilia and they eat the other two types of protozoa as well as bacteria. Ciliates are found in every aquatic habitat. Ciliates are found in every aquatic habitat.

3- Examples b) Paramecium Paramecia swimming amongst algae. Paramecium showing its cilia

Contractile Vacuole Food Vacuole Macronucleus Micronucleus Controls reproduction PARAMECIUM

Macronucleus & Micronucleus Micronucleus Macronucleus

PARAMECIUM Trichocyst- A “harpoon” used in defense

Trichocysts

PARAMECIUM Cilia

PARAMECIUM Oral Groove Gullet Newly formed Food Vacuole Anal Spot

How a Paramecium Eats Food passes into the gullet Food passes into the gullet A food vacuole forms at the end of the gullet A food vacuole forms at the end of the gullet Food vacuoles float in the cytoplasm Food vacuoles float in the cytoplasm Cilia moves food toward the oral groove Food vacuole At end of the gullet After food is digested, waste exits through the anal spot Anal Spot

Oral Groove and Gullet Oral Groove Gullet Oral Groove

The second group is the Flagellates of the Phylum Zoomastigina. The second group is the Flagellates of the Phylum Zoomastigina. Flagellates are generally the smallest of the protozoa and have one or several long, whip-like projections called flagella poking out of their cells. Flagellates are generally the smallest of the protozoa and have one or several long, whip-like projections called flagella poking out of their cells. Flagellates use their flagella to move. Flagellates use their flagella to move. It is a flagellate in the intestines of termites which enable them to eat wood. Both organisms benefit…..this is called a mutualistic relationship. It is a flagellate in the intestines of termites which enable them to eat wood. Both organisms benefit…..this is called a mutualistic relationship.

Giardia flagella

The last of the Protozoans come from the phylum, Sporozoa. The last of the Protozoans come from the phylum, Sporozoa. These are parasitic and nonmotile. These are parasitic and nonmotile. For example…… For example……

Plasmodium falciparum Various stages of the most deadly form of Malaria – Plasmodium falciparum

Harmful Protists Produce a nerve poison in shellfish that kills humans and fish in red tide Produce a nerve poison in shellfish that kills humans and fish in red tide Cause diseases: Chaga’s disease, Malaria, (another video), toxoplasmosis, dysentary, Trypanosomaisis, Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasma, Cryptospiridium, (2), Leishmaniasis, Brain Amoeba, African Sleeping Sickness Cause diseases: Chaga’s disease, Malaria, (another video), toxoplasmosis, dysentary, Trypanosomaisis, Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasma, Cryptospiridium, (2), Leishmaniasis, Brain Amoeba, African Sleeping SicknessChaga’s diseaseMalaria(another videoTrypanosomaisis LeishmaniasisToxoplasma Cryptospiridium(2), LeishmaniasisBrain Amoeba African Sleeping SicknessChaga’s diseaseMalaria(another videoTrypanosomaisis LeishmaniasisToxoplasma Cryptospiridium(2), LeishmaniasisBrain Amoeba African Sleeping Sickness

Plant-like protists are algae. Plant-like protists are algae. Algae are eukaryotic autotrophs. Algae are eukaryotic autotrophs. They, along with other eukaryotic autotrophs, form the foundation of Earth’s food chains. They, along with other eukaryotic autotrophs, form the foundation of Earth’s food chains. They produce much of Earth’s oxygen. They produce much of Earth’s oxygen.

There are three unicellular phyla of algae: There are three unicellular phyla of algae: Phylum Euglenophyta Phylum Euglenophyta Phylum Bacillariophyta Phylum Bacillariophyta Phylum Dinoflagellata Phylum Dinoflagellata

Members of first phylum of algae, Euglenophyta, are both plant-like and animal-like. Members of first phylum of algae, Euglenophyta, are both plant-like and animal-like. Euglena are autotrophs since they make food from sunlight and Heterotrophs since they ingest food from surrounding water. Euglena are autotrophs since they make food from sunlight and Heterotrophs since they ingest food from surrounding water.

Euglena – move by flagella or whip-like tail Flagellum Nucleus Chloroplast Euglena swimming Euglena showing flagellum & chloroplasts

Euglena structures Reservoir Eyespot Question: Why does a Euglena have an eyespot?

Pellicle Tough cell membrane + proteins Reservoir Eyespot Used to detect light Stores excess water

Nucleus Nucleolus Mitochondria Cytoplasm Chloroplast Flagellum

The second unicellular algae, Bacillariophyta, are photosynthetic autotrophs. The second unicellular algae, Bacillariophyta, are photosynthetic autotrophs. They have shells of silica. They have shells of silica. They make up a large portion of the world’s phytoplankton which is Earth’s largest provider of oxygen. They make up a large portion of the world’s phytoplankton which is Earth’s largest provider of oxygen.

DIATOMS

Diatoms Uses of diatoms : Uses of diatoms : 1) Fiberglass insulation 1) Fiberglass insulation 2) Some paints 3) Car polish 4) Toothpaste Diatomaceous Earth Fiberglass Insulation

The third unicellular algae, Dinoflagellata, are a major component of marine phytoplankton. The third unicellular algae, Dinoflagellata, are a major component of marine phytoplankton. These algae have at least two flagella set at right angles to each other and thick cell walls made of cellulose plates. These algae have at least two flagella set at right angles to each other and thick cell walls made of cellulose plates. Blooms of dinoflagellates cause “Red Tide.” Blooms of dinoflagellates cause “Red Tide.”

Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates Flagella

What’s wrong with this picture? It is from Lancaster, PA.

STEPS THAT CREATE AN ALGAL BLOOM. STEPS THAT CREATE AN ALGAL BLOOM. 1. EXCESS NUTRIENTS FLOW INTO A LAKE. 2. ALGAL GROWTH INCREASES. 3. LAYER OF ALGAE PREVENTS SUNLIGHT FROM REACHING PLANTS AND OTHER ALGAE BENEATH. THESE PLANTS ARE ALGAE DIE. 4. DECOMPOSERS INCREASE IN NUMBER AND USE UP OXYGEN IN THE WATER. 5. FISH AND OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE WATER DIE.

Which actions cause blooms? – Waste discharges: agricultural runoff, storm runoff and sewage discharges? – Habitat modification (e.g., harbors and marinas)? – Species introduction (aquariums, ship ballasts and hulls, etc.)? – Other causes?

Multicellular algae are classified by color. Multicellular algae are classified by color.

Phylum Rhodophyta are red seaweeds. Phylum Rhodophyta are red seaweeds. They are found in warm or cold marine environments along coast lines in deeper water. They are found in warm or cold marine environments along coast lines in deeper water. They absorb green, violet, and blue light waves. These light waves are able to penetrate below 100 meters. They absorb green, violet, and blue light waves. These light waves are able to penetrate below 100 meters.

Phylum Phaeophyta is made up of the brown algae. Phylum Phaeophyta is made up of the brown algae. They are found in cool saltwater along rocky coasts. They are found in cool saltwater along rocky coasts. Giant Kelp are the largest and most complex brown algae. They have hold fasts and air bladders. Giant Kelp are the largest and most complex brown algae. They have hold fasts and air bladders.

The last of the multicellular algae are the green algae from the Phylum chlorophyta. The last of the multicellular algae are the green algae from the Phylum chlorophyta. Most green algae are found in fresh water habitats. Most green algae are found in fresh water habitats.

A Volvox is a hollow ball composed of hundreds of flagellated cells in a single layer.

Fungus-like protists, Myxomycota and Oomycota are decomposers. Fungus-like protists, Myxomycota and Oomycota are decomposers. Phylum Myxomycota are made up of plasmodial slime molds. Phylum Myxomycota are made up of plasmodial slime molds. Phylum Oomycota is made up of water molds and downy molds. Phylum Oomycota is made up of water molds and downy molds.

Slime Molds Slime molds have traits like both fungi and animals. During good times, they live as independent, amoeba-like cells, dining on fungi and bacteria. But if conditions become uncomfortable—not enough food available, the temperature isn't right, etc.—individual cells begin gathering together to form a single structure. The new communal structure produces a slimy covering and is called a slug because it so closely resembles the animal you sometimes see gliding across sidewalks. The slug oozes toward light. When the communal cells sense that they've come across more food or better conditions, the slug stops Slime Molds Slime molds have traits like both fungi and animals. During good times, they live as independent, amoeba-like cells, dining on fungi and bacteria. But if conditions become uncomfortable—not enough food available, the temperature isn't right, etc.—individual cells begin gathering together to form a single structure. The new communal structure produces a slimy covering and is called a slug because it so closely resembles the animal you sometimes see gliding across sidewalks. The slug oozes toward light. When the communal cells sense that they've come across more food or better conditions, the slug stops

Water molds from the Phylum Oomycota are classified as protists because they have flagellated reproductive cells. Water molds from the Phylum Oomycota are classified as protists because they have flagellated reproductive cells. Downy mildews parasitize plants and are decomposers in freshwater ecosystems. Downy mildews parasitize plants and are decomposers in freshwater ecosystems.